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Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. — Hough. 


Plate  1 


General  Map  of  the  Region. 


ARCHEOLOGICAL  FIELD  WORK  IN  NORTHEASTERN  ARIZONA. 
THE  MUSEUM-GATES  EXPEDITION  OF  1901. 


WALTER    HOUGH, 

Assistant  Curator,  Department  of  Anthropology. 


279 


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f    ACADEMY    OF 
I  PACIFIC  COAST 
HISTORY 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


Page. 

Introduction 287 

White  Mountain  Region "  289 

Forestdale 289 

Interior  Sawmill 297 

linden 297 

Showlow 301 

Shum  way 302 

Little  Colorado  Valley 302 

McDonalds  Canyon 302 

Scorse  Ranch 306 

Canyon  Butte 309 

Adamana 317 

Metate 318 

Woodruff 318 

Milky  Hollow 319 

Stone  Axe 320 

Small  Sites  near  Stone  Axe 325 

Hopi  Buttes  and  Mesas 326 

Biddahoochee , 326 

Chakpahu 336 

Kokopnyama 337 

Kawaiokuh 339 

Periods  of  Tusayan  ware 346 

Age  of  Jettyto  Valley  ruins . 349 

Remarks ._ 352 

Types  of  Buildings 352 

Distribution  of  Pueblo  Culture 352 

Range  of  1  hml  Design  on  Pottery 354 

Symbolism 355 

Domestic  and  Food  Animals 356 

Preservation  of  Ancient  Rains .*!">7 

Summary  of  Work 358 

281 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Plate  1.   General  map  of  the  region. 

FORESTDALE. 

2.  Sketch  map  of  Forestdale  ruins. 

3.  Plan  of  Tundastusa  ruin. 

4.  General  view  of  Tundastusa  ruin. 

5.  View  of  Kiva. 

6.  View  on  Acropolis. 

7.  View  of  wall  of  Acropolis. 

8.  Bird-form  mortuary  vase  and  bowl. 

9.  Paint  cup  and  double  howl. 

10.  Bowl  of  Gila  type  and  handled  vase. 

11.  Mortuary  vases  of  gray  ware. 

12.  Fetiches  of  pottery  and  stone,  and  scrapers. 

13.  Bone  implements. 

Interior  Sawmill. 

14.  Stone  and  bone  implements. 

Linden. 

15.  Plan  of  Pottery  Hill  ruin. 

16.  Plan  of  smaller  ruin  near  Linden. 

17.  Circular  portion  of  small  ruin  near  Linden,  Ariz. 

18.  Gray  ware. 

19.  Bowls  of  gray  ware. 

20.  Bowls  of  red  ware  with  exterior  decoration. 

Showlow. 

21.  Plan  of  Huning  ruin. 

Shumway. 

22.  Plan  of  ruin. 

McDonalds  Canyon. 

23.  Plan  of  ruin. 

24.  Bowls  of  gray  ware. 

25.  Bowls  of  gray  ware. 

26.  Vases  of  gray  ware. 

27.  Rugose  bowl,  red  ware,  side  and  back. 

28.  Rugose  bowl,  side  and  back. 

29.  Canteen  and  handled  vase. 

283 


284  REPORT    OF   NATIONAL    MUSEUM,   1901. 

Scobse  Ranch,  Lb  Roux,  Wash. 

Plate  30.  Sketch  map  of  ruins. 

31.  Handled  vases,  gray  ware. 

32.  Bird  and  other  forms,  gray  ware. 

33.  Bowls  of  gray  ware. 

34.  Bowls  of  gray  ware. 

35.  Bowls  of  red  ware. 

36.  Vases,  coiled  and  red  ware. 

37.  Stone  axes,  mortar  and  pestle. 

Canyon  Butte  Wash,  Petrified  Forest. 

38.  Sketch  map  of  region. 

39.  Plan  of  ruin  1. 

40.  Plan  of  ruin  2. 

41 .  Plan  of  ruin  3. 

42.  Polychrome  bowl  and  painted  stone  tablet. 

43.  Outfit  of  medicine  man. 

44.  Plan  of  ruin  4. 

45.  Coiled  ware. 

46.  Bowls  of  rugose  and  red  ware,  white  exterior  decoration. 

47.  Red  bowls  with  white  exterior  decoration. 

48.  Red  and  brown  bowl,  exterior  and  interior  decoration. 

49.  Red  and  brown  bowl,  exterior  decoration. 

50.  Bowls  of  gray  ware. 

51 .  Vases  of  gray  ware. 

52.  Pipes  from  ancient  pueblos. 

53.  Plan  of  Milky  Hollow  ruin. 

Stone  Axe  Ruin,  Petrified  Forest  Reserve. 

54.  Plan  of  ruin. 

55.  Stone  implements. 

56.  Bone,  pottery,  shell,  and  stone  objects. 

57.  Large  vase,  polychrome  ware. 

58.  Bowl  and  vase,  yellow  ware. 

59.  Bowls,  yellow  ware. 

60.  Bowls  showing  symbolism. 

61.  Bowls,  white  and  Gila  ware. 

62.  Bowls,  yellow-brown  and  red,  with  white  line. 

63.  Bowls,  red  ware. 

64.  Vases  with  animal  handles. 

r>ii>i>AiioociiEE,  Cottonwood  Wash. 

65.  Sketch  map  of  group  of  ruins. 

66.  Plan  of  ruin  on  bluff. 

67.  1.  Black  Butte;  2.  Ruin  in  front  of  Butte. 

68.  Bowls,  yellow  ware. 

69.  Bowls,  yellow  ware. 

70.  Dipper,  cup,  and  handled  bowl. 

71.  Vases  with  bird  decoration. 

72.  Vases  of  yellow-brown,  and  lemon  yellow. 

73.  Vase  of  orange  color. 

74.  Bowl,  red  ware,  green  decoration. 


ARCHAEOLOGICAL    FIELD    WORK    IN    ARIZONA.  285 

Plate  75.  Bowls  of  polychrome  ware. 

76.  Bowls  of  white  ware. 

77.  Vases  of  white  ware. 

78.  Dipper  and  vast',  gray  ware. 

79.  Small  vessels,  gray  ware. 
80:  Coiled  ware. 

81.  Stone  implements. 

Jettyto  Valley  Ruins. 

82.  Sketch  map  of  ruins. 

83.  General  view,  of  Kokopnyama  ruin. 

84.  Cist  in  rocks,  Kokopnyama. 

85.  Excavating  in  the  talus,  Kokopnyama. 

86.  Hair  tied  with  hair  cord,  Kokopnyama. 

87.  Coiled  basketry,  Kokopnyama. 

88.  General  view  from  Kawaiokuh. 

89.  Decorations  on  wall  of  room,  Kawaiokuh. 

90.  Potters'  kiln,  two  views,  Kawaiokuh. 

91.  Burials  in  house  cemetery,  Kawaiokuh. 

92.  Jar  under  floor  of  room,  Kawaiokuh. 

93.  Small  pottery  vessels,  Kawaiokuh. 

94.  Vase  of  parrot  form  (Gates  collection ) ,  Kawaiokuh. 

95.  Vases  of  gray  ware,  Kawaiokuh. 

96.  Small  ornaments  and  figurines,  Kawaiokuh. 

97.  Basketry  and  matting,  Kawaiokuh. 

98.  Pottery  showing  application  of  color,  Kawaiokuh. 

99.  Bowls  showing  symbolism  and  color,  Kawaiokuh  and  Kokopnyama. 

100.  Pottery  showing  color  and  symbolism,  Kawaiokuh. 

101.  Food  bowls  showing  bird  symbolism. 


ARCHEOLOGICAL   FIELD  WORK    IN    NORTHEASTERN   ARI- 
ZONA.  THE  MUSEUM-GATES  EXPEDITION  OF  1901. 


By  Walter  Hough. 

Assistant  Curator,  Department  of  Anthropology. 


INTRODUCTION. 

Early  in  the  spring  of  1901  the  writer  was  ordered  into  the  field  to 
conduct  ethnological  and  archeologieal  investigations  in  northeastern 
Arizona.  (See  Plate  1.)  The  plan  settled  upon  embraced  two  distinct 
explorations,  the  first  during  the  month  of  May,  for  the  United  States 
National  Museum  alone,  and  the  second  from  June  1  to  August  30, 
for  the  Museum  in  conjunction  with  Mr.  Peter  Goddard  Gates,  of 
Pasadena,  California,  whose  interest  in  the  exploration  of  the  South- 
west has  been  productive  of  excellent  results  for  science. 

Field  work  began  on  May  3,  and  making  Holbrook,  Arizona,  the 
base,  the  McDonalds  Canyon  ruins  to  the  southeast  of  that  place 
were  visited  and  explored.  The  remainder  of  the  month  was  spent  at 
the  Canyon  Butte  ruins  east  of  Holbrook  in  a  thorough  reconnoissance 
of  the  Petrified  Forest  Reserve  and  a  visit  to  the  ruins  north  of  Hol- 
brook. These  groups  of  ruins  are  new  to  science,  and  the  results  of 
the  explorations  are  very  satisfactory. 

On  June  1  the  Museum-Gates  expedition  took  the  field,  selecting 
for  exploration  a  large  ruin  a  few  miles  east  of  the  Petrified  Forest. 
On  the  completion  of  this  work  the  part}7  returned  to  Holbrook  and 
went  south  into  the  White  Mountains,  reaching,  on  June  19,  the  ruin 
at  Linden.  On  June  26  the  party  camped  on  the  great  Forestdale 
ruin  on  the  White  Mountain  Apache  Reservation.  On  July  9  a  small 
ruin  at  Interior  Sawmill  was  investigated,  and  after  a  visit  to  Fort 
Apache  the  expedition  returned  to  Showlow,  working  for  a  day  or 
two  a  large  ruin  on  the  ranch  of  Mr.  Henry  Huning.  Returning 
north,  ruins  at  Shumway,  Snowflake,  and  Woodruff  were  examined, 
Holbrook  being  reached  on  Jul}7  17. 

Here  the  party  renewed  its  supplies  and  was  joined  by  Mr.  A.  C. 
Vroman,  the  well-known  photographer  of  Pasadena,  who  remained 
taking  many  views  till  the  close  of  the  season. 

287 


288  REPORT    OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   1901. 

July  29  found  the  party  engaged  in  excavating  ;i  Large  ruin  called 
Kokopnyama,  on  the  Jettyto  Wash,  2  miles,  cast  of  Keams  Canyon. 
On  August  11  a  ruin  near  Jettyto  Spring  called  Kawaiokuh  was  worked 
for  a  week,  when  the  party  closed  excavation  and  proceeded  to  the 
Hopi  pueblos  for  ethnological  studies,  remaining  there  till  the  28th, 
when  the  Museum-Gates  expedition  disbanded. 

The  writer  returned  to  Holbrook  to  complete  the  packing  and  ship- 
ping of  the  specimens  secured.  During  September  12-14  the  groups 
of  ruins  on  the  Le  Roux  and  Cottonwood  washes  were  carefully 
platted  and  plans  of  the  sites  made.  This  closed  up  the  season,  and 
on  September  23  the  writer  returned  to  Washington. 

In  addition  to  the  avowed  objects  of  the  expedition,  collections  of 
plants,  fossils,  minerals,  etc.,  were  made,  Mrs.  Gates  aiding  mate- 
rially in  the  botanical  work.  A  large  series  of  photographs  was  made 
by  Messrs.  Vroman,  Gates,  and  the  writer. 

The  groups  of  ruins  described  in  this  paper  are  treated  geographic- 
ally, beginning,  for  convenience,  with  the  southernmost,  at  Forestdale. 
Taking  the  more  important  sites  in  order  to  the  northward,  we  have 
Forestdale,  Linden,  Showlow,  Shumway,  McDonalds  Canyon,  Scorse 
Ranch,  Petrified  Forest  Reserve,  Biddahoochee,  and  Jettyto  Vallc}r. 
This  line  of  archeological  reconnoissance  shows  in  an  interesting  way 
the  prevalence  of  red  and  gray  pottery  south  of  the  Little  Colorado 
and  Puerco  rivers,  with  exceptions  at  Shumway  and  Stone  Axe,  gray 
ware  in  the  Little  Colorado  Valley,  and  yellow  ware  at  Biddahoochee 
and  Jettyto  Valley.  Thus  we  may  divide  the  field  explored  into  three 
regions,  namely:  (1)  Region  of  the  White  Mountains,  reel  and  gray 
ware;  (2)  region  of  the  Little  Colorado  Valley,  gray  and  red  ware, 
and  (3)  region  of  the  Hopi  buttes  and  mesas,  yellow  and  little  red  and 
gray  ware.  In  detail  the  ruins  examined  in  the  region  of  the  White 
Mountains  are  Forestdale,  Interior  Sawmill,  Linden,  Showlow,  Slium- 
wa}^  (yellow  and  red),  Snowflake,  Woodruff  Butte,  Canyon  Butte, 
Petrified  Forest,  Metate  ruin,  Stone  Axe  ruin  (yellow  ware),  and 
Adamana.  Those  of  the  Little  Colorado  Valley  are  McDonalds  Can- 
yon and  Scorse  Ranch,  and  those  of  the  Hopi  buttes  and  mesas  are 
Biddahoochee  and  Jettyto  Valley. 

The  environment  of  the  three  regions  is  semiarid.  The  White 
Mountain  region,  however,  from  the  height  and  mass  of  the  range, 
especially  the  Mount  Thomas  condensing  focus,  has  greater  rainfall 
than  the  other  regions.  For  this  reason  there  is  here  abundant  vege- 
tation, and  in  the  radius  of  this  influence  and  in  this  respect  the  envi- 
ronment seems  more  favorable  for  human  habitation.  On  the  other 
hand,  geological  causes  have  determined  the  lack  of  springs  on  the 
north  side  of  the  range,  and  dependence  must  be  put  on  fluviatile 
waters.  South  of  the  Mogollon  Rim  springs  are  abundant,  and  here 
were  located  important  pueblos  like  those  of  Forestdale  and  others  in 
the  Apache  Reservation. 


ARCHEOLOGICiL    FIELD    WORK    IN    ARIZONA.  289 

The  conditions  in  the  valley  of  the  Little  Colorado  are  similar  in 
regard  to  available  water  supply  to  that  of  the  White  Mountains,  but 
the  region  is  more  arid  and  the  vegetation  is  of  desert  t}^pes,  the  Cot- 
tonwood along  the  stream  beds  being  the  only  tree. 

The  region  of  the  Hopi  buttes  and  mesas  has  an  elevation  of  about 
6,500  feet,  1,500  feet  above  the  Little  Colorado  Valley.  Geological 
causes  here  also  determine  the  numerous  springs  in  this  region,  the 
rainfalls  being  stored  in  sandhills  or  in  the  heavy  strata  of  porous 
sand  rock  underlaid  by  shales,  which  brings  the  water  to  the  surface. 
This  region  is  practically  uninhabitable  without  corn,  which  is  grown 
in  the  beds  of  the  washes  and  depends  on  local  rains  for  irrigation. 
The  same  remark  is  true  of  the  second  region,  while  in  the  White 
Mountain  region  hunting  tribes  could  exist. 

WHITE  MOUNTAIN  REGION. 

FORESTDALE — INTERIOR   SAWMILL — LINDEN — SHOWLOW — SHUMWAY. 

FORESTDALE. 

On  the  White  Mountain  Apache  Reserve,  southeast  of  Showlow 
some  10  miles,  and  a  few  miles  east  of  Pinetop,  near  the  headwaters  of 
a  creek  rising  in  the  Mogollon  Mesa,  is  a  remarkable  ruined  pueblo, 
which,  from  its  great  extent,  must  have  been  an  important  center  of 
population  in  early  days.  (Plate  2.)  The  Apaches  call  the  place 
uTun  das  tusa"  (water  spread  out),  from  the  many  springs  forming 
marshy  areas.  The  locality  is  called  Forestdale  from  the  creek  of 
that  name.  Years  ago  Mormons  made  a  settlement  here,  but  the 
Apaches  drove  them  away,  burning  their  buildings  except  the  church, 
which  still  remains,  surrounded  with  great  pines.  The  ruin  was 
brought  to  notice  by  Bandelier,  who  hastily  examined  it  in  1883. a 

The  country  slopes  strongly  to  the  south  from  the  Mogollon  rim, 
and  the  streams  drain  into  the  Upper  Salt  River,  which  flows  approx- 
imately 25  miles  to  the  south.  This  portion  of  the  White  Mountain 
Apache  Reservation  is  rugged,  the  streams  often  canyoned  and  again 
running  through  pleasant  valleys,  with  meadows  and  Indian  cornfields. 
The  primitive  forest  of  great  pine  trees  covers  the  country;  grass  is 
abundant,  and  wild  flowers  bloom  in  profusion,  giving  one  an  idea  of 
the  "Tierra  despoblada"  as  it  appeared  to  Coronado  and  his  follow- 
ers when  the}^  passed  through  this  region  in  1540. 

The  problems  of  food,  water,  wood,  clay,  and  stone  which  were  so 
difficult  to  most  tribes  in  other  portions  of  the  Pueblo  region  pre- 
sented no  such  complexity  to  the  ancients  of  Forestdale.  Most  of 
these  good  things  were  near  at  hand  in  greater  degree  than  at  the 

«  Final  Report,  etc.,  1880  to  1885.  Papers  of  the  Archaelogical  Institute  of  America, 
Cambridge,  1892,  Pt.  2,  p.  400. 

NAT  MUS  1901 19 


290  REPORT    OF    NATIONAL    MUSEUM,   1901. 

neighboring  pueblo  of  Linden;  wood  was  rather  a  burden,  cold,  clear 
water  welled  beneath  their  town  walls,  the  rich  cornfields  required  no 
irrigation,  the  forest  was  full  of  game;  manzanita  berries  and  the 
sweet  mescal  agave  were  plentiful.  It  is  not  surprising,  therefore, 
that  in  this  favoring  environment  pueblos  of  large  size  were  developed; 
the  cause  for  wonder  is  that  in  this  region  the  pueblo  dwellers  have 
not  persisted  to  our  day. 

Tundastusa  ruin  (Plates  3  and  4)  is  located  on  a  low  elevation 
between  two  washes  coming  into  Forestdale  Creek  from  the  north,  on 
land  claimed  by  Skidi,  a  prominent  Apache,  who  has  his  cornfields 
near  the  mouth  of  the  washes  where  there  are  springs. 

At  the  highest  point  is  a  circular  acropolis  160  feet  in  diameter,  giv- 
ing the  area  of  1  acre,  the  walls  2  feet  thick  and  8  feet  2  inches  from 
the  surface  to  the  foundation  course,  the  circle  cut  up  into  rooms  by 
narrower  walls.  At  intervals  down  the  slope  below  the  acropolis 
toward  the  creek  and  wash  are  five  or  more  walls,  forming  segments 
of  circles  concentric  with  the  acropolis  circle.  Across  these  segments 
run  radiating  lines,  showing  from  a  distance  as  windrows  of  stone  from 
the  fallen  buildings.  The  only  plaza  in  this  section  of  the  ruins  is  a 
small  one  on  the  southeast  side.  Attached  to  the  acropolis  on  the 
west  are  quadrangular  house  masses,  the  general  ground  plan  being 
irregular  or  stepped  and  extending  down  the  slope.  Beyond  this  sec- 
tion of  the  pueblo  to  the  west  is  a  long  L,  two  rooms  deep,  containing 
104  rooms.  On  the  inner  side  of  the  north  limit  of  the  L  is  a  parallel 
row  of  houses,  also  two  rooms  deep.  These  house  rows  thus  flank 
two  sides  of  a  plaza  1  acre  in  area,  and  bounded  on  the  south  by  a  low 
wall.  At  the  east  end  of  the  inner  house  row  a  sunken  depression  25 
feet  square  probably  indicates  a  kiva,  though  excavation  revealed 
nothing.  (Plate  5.)  A  curved  wing  wall  closes  the  opening  between 
the  acropolis  and  the  detached  quadrangular  ruin.  This  portion  of 
the  Forestdale  ruin  is  easily  traced.  The  ruin  is  estimated  to  show 
300  rooms  on  the  ground  floor  and  perhaps  originally  contained  1,000 
rooms.  In  area,  it  covers  7  acres,  and  its  present  appearance  is  that 
of  chaotic  heaps  of  earth  and  stone,  with  no  walls  standing  above  the 
surface.  (Plate  6.)  There  are  no  trees  on  the  ruin.  The  plan  of  For- 
estdale ruin  shows  three  house  masses,  which  strike  one  immediately 
as  having  been  constructed  at  different  times.  There  is  no  doubt  on 
this  point  concerning  the  rectangular  ruin  some  distance  to  the  west; 
but  in  order  to  determine  the  relation  of  the  house  mass  attached  to 
the  circular  ruin  the  walls  at  the  junction  were  cleared  and  it  was  found 
that  the  wall  abutting  the  acropolis  rested  on  3  feet  of  rubbish,  which 
had  accumulated  from  the  older  pueblo.  The  walls  of  the  middle 
pueblo  are  likewise  of  inferior  masonry,  not  as  good  as  that  of  the 
rectangular  house  mass.  It  is  apparent  that  the  circular  ruin  is  older 
and  formed  the  nucleus  of  subsequent  accretions.     As  has  been  stated, 


ARCHEOLOGICAL    FIELD    WORK    IN    ARIZONA.  2(.)1 

the  artifacts  noted  in  the  debris  are  uniform  for  the  whole  site.  It 
must  be  said,  however,  that  no  cemeteries  were  discovered  in  connec- 
tion with  either  of  the  rectangular  house  masses.  It  seems  probable 
that  since  all  present  pueblos  are  made  up  of  aggregations  of  clan 
units,  we  see  in  Forestdale  an  ancient  evidence  of  this  fact,  which 
may  also  explain  the  occurrence  of  two  modes  of  burial. 

The  material  used  in  building  is  sandstone  brought  from  the  ledges 
cropping  out  along  the  little  creek  close  at  hand.  The  blocks  of  stone 
are  larger  and  more  uniform  in  dimension  than  is  usual  in  the  pueblos 
of  the  Southwest.  In  general  the  stones  were  of  convenient  size  for 
carrying  by  one  man,  but  larger  stones  were  used  in  the  circular  walls. 
One  measuring  3  by  2  by  2  feet  and  weighing  probably  1,000  pounds 
was  observed  set  in  the  wall  at  the  height  of  5  feet.  As  it  is  not  pos- 
sible for  men  to  lift  a  stone  to  this  height  by  muscular  effort,  it  is 
probable  that  it  was  rolled  to  position  on  an  earth  embankment  or  a 
skid  of  poles.  It  will  be  perceived  that  men  who  could  construct 
a  circle  with  an  accuracy  that  is  comparable  only  with  the  work  of 
men  possessing  instruments  of  precision  would  also  show  skill  in 
masonry.  In  the  course  of  the  excavation  the  exterior  of  the  acropolis 
wall  was  exposed  for  a  length  of  164  feet,  showing  masonry  that 
excites  admiration  and  surprise.  (Plate  7.)  Like  all  cyclopean  con- 
struction, of  which  this  wall  is  a  type,  the  stones  are  rough  bedded  and 
not  coursed.  The  wall  is  laid  up  with  judgment,  the  joints  broken, 
and  large  stones  the  width  of  the  wall  form  headers.  Occasionally  a 
series  of  large  stones  forms  what  appears  to  be  an  attempt  at  a  course. 
The  stone  are  quarry  faced,  and  projections  beyond  the  line  have  been 
pecked  away  and  a  few  petroglyphs  cut  on  some  of  the  stones.  Some 
of  the  building  blocks  scattered  over  the  ruin  have  fret  and  key 
designs  pecked  on  the  surface.  The  walls  of  the  room  interiors  have 
in  a  number  of  cases  where  such  walls  were  seen  been  carefully  sur- 
faced with  the  pecking  hammer  and  the  chinks  set  with  small  stones. 
Other  rooms  have  been  plastered  with  red  clay;  low  doorways  formed 
a  means  of  communication  between  the  rooms.  In  excavating  the 
circular  wall  a  very  narrow  entrance  was  found  leading  through  it  at 
the  northeast. 

As  usual  in  the  southwest,  Forestdale  is  one  of  a  group  of  pueblos,  a 
member  of  which  lies  a  few  hundred  feet  to  the  northwest  on  the  edge 
of  the  bluff.  Another  very  large  ruin  is  about  one-half  mile  away  on 
the  line  of  the  valley;  a  third,  comparatively  small,  stands  on  the  bank 
of  the  creek  half  a  mile  up  the  valley,  and  still  another  small  ruin  is  on 
a  sandstone  cliff  on  the  left  bank.  No  detached  houses  were  observed, 
nor  were  altars,  shrines,  or  fire  boxes  noticed.  The  surface  of  Forest- 
dale ruin  shows  traces  of  modern  occupation,  such  as  remains  of  foun- 
dations of  Mormon  houses,  shallow  basins  marking  the  location  of 
Apache  wickiups,  while  on  the  acropolis  circles  of  stones  mark  tho 


292  REPORT    OF   NATIONAL    MUSEUM,   1901. 

rifle  pits  thrown  up  during  intertribal  warfare  among  the  Apaches 
some  years  ago.     (See  Plate  6.) 

The  debris  surrounding  the  walls  and  obliterating  the  rooms  is  enor- 
mous in  mass,  greater  than  that  surrounding  any  ruin  in  the  South- 
west known  to  the  writer.  This  debris  consists  of  ashes  and  charcoal 
mixed  with  bones,  pottery,  fragments,  etc.,  which  has  altered  the 
contour  of  the  land  around  the  pueblo  to  a  marked  degree.  Pottery 
fragments  are  relatively  fewer  than  in  most  other  ruins,  while  bones 
of  animals  are  quite  frequent. 

One  cemetery  lies  on  the  east  hillside,  where  a  sandstone  ledge  crops 
out  above  the  spring.  This  cemetery  had  been  rifled  by  Skidi  and  others. 
The  pottery  secured  by  Skidi,  he  says,  was  sold  to  Mr.  Schott,  for- 
merly agent  at  Apache.  It  is  evident  that  burials  were  made  at  length 
in  this  cemetery,  but  the  pottery,  judging  from  the  fragments,  does 
not  differ  from  that  scattered  over  the  ruin.  There  was  no  opportu- 
nity to  ascertain  whether  cinerary  burials  occurred  in  this  cemetery, 
but  it  was  gathered  from  Skidi  that  such  burials  had  been  uncovered. 

The  collection  secured  by  the  Museum-Gates  expedition  at  Forest- 
dale  was  taken  from  a  burial  place  along  the  free  portion  of  the  cir- 
cular wall  of  the  acropolis,  marked  in  the  plan.  (Plate  3.)  The  burials 
here  were  from  5  to  8  feet,  2  inches  below  the  present  surface,  and 
directly  against  the  wall.  Two  varieties  of  interment  were  also 
encountered  here,  namely,  a  few  bodies  flexed  and  placed  against  the 
wall;  the  majority  burned  and  placed  in  gray  vases,  which  were  luted 
with  clay,  stopped  with  a  stone,  or  covered  with  an  upturned  bowl. 
A  remarkable  fact  connected  with  the  interments  of  this  class  is  that 
the  vases  are  usually  set  on  the  bones  of  an  infant.  No  explanation 
derived  from  historical  or  present  observances  of  any  of  the  pueblo 
tribes  can  be  given  of  this  strange  custom,  which  appears  to  have  been 
of  sacrificial  character.  It  may  also  be  said  here  that  this  is  the  most 
northerly  occurrence  of  incineration  that  has  yet  come  to  notice. 
Fragments  of  a  paho,  painted  green,  were  found  on  the  ashes  in  one  of 
these  vases  and  a  very  much  corroded  mass  of  copper,  which  appears 
to  have  been  a  bell.  Among  the  calcined  bones  were  fragments  of 
awls,  showing  that  possessions  were  burned  with  the  body.  The  ashes 
of  a  young  person  were  inclosed  in  a  bird-form  vase.  (Plate  8,  fig.  1.) 
The  flexed  burials  contained  pottery,  according  to  the  general  custom, 
the  ware  being  red.  Quantities  of  fragments  of  red  bowls  were 
thrown  out  of  this  excavation,  and  some  fragments  of  cooking  vessels 
in  rugose  ware,  having  wide,  flaring  rims,  were  seen. 

The  Forestdale  pottery  is  red  and  gray  in  color,  the  red  preponder- 
ating. It  is  found  that  the  paste  of  both  varieties  is  the  same,  the  red 
ware  being. secured  by  covering  the  gray  paste  with  a  slip  of  yellow 
ocher  burning  to  red  color.  The  red  ware  is  found  in  form  of  bowls, 
dippers,  and  small  articles ;  the  decoration  geometric  rain  clouds  and 


AECHEOLOGICAL    FrELD    WORK    IN    ARIZONA.  293 

terraced  figures  ;  the  volute  and  key  frets  are  missing.  Several  small 
objects  of  the  highest  artistic  importance  were  collected.  These  com- 
prise a  paint  cup  of  oblong  shape  (Plate  9,  fig.  1),  a  handled  vase,  a  small 
bowl,  and  a  double  bowl  (Plate  9,  fig.  2)  of  bright  and  lively  red  color;  the 
designs  geometric  in  black  enamel,  outlined  with  white  and  sometimes 
with  black  over  a  white  ground. 

The  unique  vessel  formed  by  joining  two  bowls  is  remarkably 
attractive,  even  though  broken.  The  potter  has  lavished  on  this  object 
her  highest  skill,  and  the  result  is  an  achievement  in  polychrome  ware 
which  probably  marks  the  highest  attainment  in  ceramic  art  from  the 
Southwest.  We  may  follow  the  construction  of  this  vessel  with  a  view 
of  explaining  the  processes  involved.  The  potter  formed  two  bowls 
of  selected  clay  and  joined  them  while  "green"  by  a  short  neck  con- 
necting the  rims.  She  then  washed  the  vessel  with  fine  yellow  ocher 
and  finished  the  surface  with  a  smoothing  stone.  The  interior  of  one 
of  the  bowls  was  washed  with  cream-colored  kaolin  and  also  smoothed 
with  the  stone.  Having  prepared  her  pigment  for  the  black  enamel, 
the  basis  of  which  is  iron  ore,  but  the  secret  of  its  mixing,  whether 
with  alkaline  salts  or  resin,  is  lost,  she  skillfully  laid  on  the  interior  of 
one  of  the  bowls  a  geometric  design  and  on  the  exterior  rims  of  both 
various  geometric  frets,  outlining  the  latter  designs  with  stripes  of 
pure  kaolin.  The  interior  of  the  second  bowl  required  the  prepara- 
tion of  a  second  color,  which  should  burn  to  soft  gray  and  melt  into 
the  background.  The  vessel  was  then  fired,  care  being  taken  to  pre- 
vent uneven  firing  and  smoke  blemishes.  The  result  shows  a  knowl- 
edge on  the  part  of  the  potter  of  materials,  manipulations,  and  proc- 
esses, from  the  selection  of  the  clay  to  the  last  stages  of  firing,  and  a 
highly  developed  artistic  sense  in  form  and  color  that  command  our 
respect  and  admiration.  That  similar  feelings  toward  the  skillful 
potter  were  entertained  among  ancients  of  the  Southwest  is  shown  by 
a  series  of  objects  taken  from  a  grave  at  Four  Mile  by  the  Fewkes 
party  in  1897.  Carefully  placed  in  this  grave  were  all  the  implements 
of  the  potter's  craft,  concave  dishes,  representing  the  beginning  of  the 
wheel  in  which  the  ware  was  set  during  manufacture,  smoothing  stones, 
a  stone  slab,  and  a  mulling  stone  and  grinder.  Securely  laid  in  a  large, 
well-made  cooking  vessel,  on  a  bed  of  pine  twigs,  were  various  kinds 
of  clay  and  paints.  Gourd  formers  and  brushes  of  yucca  strips,  if  any 
such  were  buried,  had  decayed.  With  these  objects  were  specimens 
of  excellent  pottery.  The  purpose  of  this  disposition  seems  clearly  to 
furnish  this  venerated  potter  the  implements  with  which  she  might 
continue  her  art  for  the  benefit  of  the  spiritual  beings  in  the  under 
heaven. 

One  piece  of  ware  of  the  Gila  type  (Plate  10,  fig.  1)  and  several 
fragments  were  all  the  examples  of  this  type  found  at  Forestdale.  It 
is  evident  that  the  ruins  on  the  north  slope  of  the  White  Mountains 


294  REPORT    OF    NATIONAL    MUSEUM,   1901. 

show  strong-  Gila  influence  and  are  little  related  to  the  remains  on  the 
Salt  River.  One  fragment  of  yellow  ware  with  black  and  light-red 
ornamentation  was  picked  up.  The  black  on  the  specimen  is  thick 
and  enamel-like.  But  one  fragment  showing  white  painting  over  a 
rugose  surface  rewarded  the  most  careful  search.  Some  fragments  of 
ware  resembling  that  of  Four  Mile  have  portions  of  designs  of  human 
figures  in  white  kaolin.  Symbolic  designs  are  infrequent,  birds,  bear 
tracks,  and  a  face  on  a  red  dipper  comprising  all  such  figures  noted. 

Gray  ware. — Shards  of  gray  ware  are  rare  in  the  debris  at  Forest- 
dale,  so  that  the  number  of  vessels  found  was  to  some  extent  unex- 
pected. The  comparatively  small  number  of  shards  may  be  due  to 
surface  conditions,  as  in  this  region  the  ground  is  held  by  plants  and 
moisture,  while  on  the  plains  the  prevalence  of  shards  may  be  due  to 
winnowing  of  several  feet  of  soil  b/v  erosive  agencies.  The  greater 
number  of  pieces  of  gray  ware  were  vases  of  globular  form  (Plate  11, 
figs.  1  and  2),  or  of  bird  form  containing  incinerated  bones  (see  Plate 
8,  fig.  1).  None  of  the  vases  have  handles  as  those  from  Linden  and 
Showlow;  one  urn  has  an  animal  handle,  several  of  which,  broken  from 
vessels,  were  taken  from  the  debris.  A  few  small  bowls  of  gra}^  ware 
were  also  taken  out.  (Plate  8,  fig.  2.)  A  portion  of  a  gray  vessel  bear- 
ing in  relief  apparently  a  snake,  is  an  example  of  a  class  of  decoration 
very  rare  in  the  pueblo  region,  but  prevalent  in  Mexico  and  found 
sparingly  on  the  Gila  River.  The  bird-shaped  vessels  are  more  con- 
ventional in  treatment  than  those  found  north  of  the  divide  in  the 
drainage  of  the  Little  Colorado.  Some  figurines  of  animals  in  potter}^ 
perhaps  fetiches,  occur  at  Forestdale.  They  are  rudely  executed  and 
without  decoration.  A  dipper  with  rattle  handle  came  from  this  ruin. 
Rugose  cooking  vessels  are  few  in  number  and  of  small  size.  Roun- 
dels of  reground  pottery  are  frequent;  one  such  piece  ma}^  have  been 
a  spindle  whorl. 

Stone. — The  absence  of  metates  from  the  surface,  coupled  with  the 
presence  of  broken  manos,  was  remarked  at  Forestdale,  and  it  was 
learned  that  the  former  were  carried  off  by  Indians  who  make  use  of 
them  around  their  camps,  only  working  out  a  metate  if  an  ancient  one 
can  not  be  secured.  The  Apaches  also  collect  hammers  and  other 
stone  implements  from  the  ruins,  which  in  many  cases  explains  the 
paucity  of  such  relics  on  ruins  visited  by  them.  While  excavations 
brought  to  light  metates,  no  axes  and  few  hammers  appeared,  and 
arrowheads  were  infrequent.  Chert  flakes  formed  into  scrapers  and 
knives  were  numerous,  one  scraper  chipped  and  ground  being  specially 
noteworthy.  Chips  of  black  and  white  obsidian  and  an  occasional 
scraper  of  this  material  were  noticed.  A  small  boring  implement  of 
red  chert  is  figured.  (Plate  12,  fig.  4.)  A  small  paint  pestle  with 
traces  of  copper  pigment  on  the  rubbing  end   may   be    mentioned. 


ARCHEOLOGICAL    FIELD    WORK    IN    ARIZONA.  295 

Pottery  polishing  stones,  an  arrow  smoothing  stone  of  Gila  type,  and 
a  stone  resembling  a  fetich  (Plate  12,  fig.  2)  were  taken  out.  The 
stone  last  mentioned  has  been  carefully  worked  from  a  dark,  greenish- 
blue  rock  much  prized  by  the  ancient  people  of  the  Upper  Gila, 
numerous  specimens  having  been  found  in  Pueblo  Viejo  Valley  n  where 
the  material  appears  to  occur  in  situ.  Sporadic  examples  of  objects 
cut  from  this  stone  are  found  north  of  the  mountains,  and  one  speci- 
men was  collected  b}^  Mrs.  M.  C.  Stevenson  at  the  Hopi  villages.  A 
small  tablet  of  sandstone,  having  a  design  in  black  on  one  face,  was 
excavated  from  this  ruin.  No  conjecture  is  ventured  as  to  the  pur- 
port of  the  plan  on  the  tablet,  except  to  say  that  the  ancients  at  For- 
estdale  evidently  drew  circles  as  well  as  built  them. 

Shell. — Shell  appears  to  have  been  little  used  at  Forestdale,  only  a 
few  pieces,  consisting  of  wristlets  and  pendants,  rewarding  the  searcher. 
The  mountain  pueblos  are  generally  poor  in  shell,  probably  because 
they  were  off  the  routes  of  primitive  commerce,  or  they  may  have 
had  little  to  trade.  Pueblos  in  passes  through  the  mountains,  as  at 
Chaves  Pass,  must  have  been  more  in  touch  with  aboriginal  commerce, 
and  in  this  case  abundance  of  shell  was  found. 

Bone. — The  people  of  Forestdale  made  great  use  of  bone.  The 
most  numerous  bone  objects  were  awls  of  various  sizes  and  descrip- 
tions, with  points  at  either  end,  with  an  eye  like  a  needle  (Plate  13, 
tig.  4),  or  merely  pointed  splinters  of  bone.  One  specimen  has  a  fig- 
ure like  the  letter  X  engraved  on  the  sides,  as  seen  on  the  ceremonial 
ax  found  at  Chevlon.  h  This  was  the  only  instance  of  ornamentation 
on  bone  observed.  Cups  formed  by  sawing  off  elk  femurs  near  the 
ends  are  common,  as  at  Pottery  Hill.  It  has  been  suggested  that 
these  cups  are  rejects  after  the  shaft  of  the  femur  was  cut  up  into 
rings.  The  absence  of  such  rings  from  the  collection,  and  the  finish 
of  the  lip  of  the  cups,  would  seem  to  offer  an  objection  to  this  theorv, 
but  the  use  of  the  cups  is  unknown.  Rings  cut  from  femurs  appar- 
ently for  the  finger  have  been  found  at  Chaves  Pass.  Wedges  of 
bone  and  antler,  numerous  knives  of  deer  rib,  hide  scrapers  worked 
from  deer  pelvis,  bone  tubes,  a  bone  with  holes  drilled  through  it 
(thought  to  be  an  arrow  wrench),  an  ornament  of  antler  in  form  of  a 
bear's  claw,  and  bones  used  in  flint  working  were  collected.  (Plate 
13.)  The  lower  jaw  of  a  deer  from  this  ruin,  with  bands  of  red  painted 
diagonally  across  it,  is  an  interesting  object. 

Fragments  of  decayed  wood  were  taken  from  the  excavations,  but 
it  was  not  possible  to  ascertain  whether  they  were  worked.  No  cord 
or  fabric  of  any  description  was  encountered. 

A  large  number  of  bones  of  animals  were  collected  from  the  de*bris, 

a  J.  Walter  Few kes,  Report,  Smithsonian  Institution,  1897,  pi.  xvn. 
&Idem.,  1896,  pi.  xlvii. 


296  REPORT    OF    NATIONAL    MUSEUM,   1901. 

where  they  occurred  in  great  numbers.  These  have  been  ascertained 
by  Mr.  F.  A.  Lucas  to  belong  to  the  elk,  deer,  antelope,  dog,  gray 
fox,  mountain  lion,  wild-cat,  beaver,  turkey,  and  eagle. 

It  is  apparent  from  the  number  of  bones  of  animals  that  the  Forest- 
dale  tribe  were  to  a  great  extent  meat  eaters,  and  hence  must  have 
been  hunters.  The  dog  and  possibly  the  turkey  were  domesticated. 
It  would  be  interesting  to  connect  the  meat  diet  of  the  Forestdale 
people  with  their  achievements  as  builders,  but  such  theories  must  be 
advanced  with  hesitation. 

Unfortunately,  during  the  course  of  this  exploration  very  few  skele- 
tons were  encountered,  and  in  these  cases  the  bones  were  extremely 
decayed,  so  that  no  crania  could  be  secured.  From  the  fragmentary 
bones  thrown  out  by  the  vandals  who  sacked  the  east  cemetery  it  is 
obvious  that  adequate  somatological  material  could  have  been  acquired 
here.  This  is  another  example  of  the  destruction  of  valuable  scien- 
tific evidence  by  careless  and  unskilled  hands. 

The  pottery  of  Forestdale  bears  a  closer  relation  to  that  of  Pinedale, 
north  of  the  Mogollon  Divide,  than  to  any  other  ancient  pueblo  known 
to  the  writer.  The  bright  red  ware  with  black  on  white  decoration  is 
also  found  in  a  number  of  ruins  along  the  mountains  from  Chaves 
Pass  to  Pinedale,  reaching  to  within  40  miles  of  the  Little  Colorado 
and  associated  at  Chaves  Pass  and  Four  Mile  with  yellow  ware.  The 
gray  vases  are  not  duplicated  north  of  the  divide;,  they  will  be  found 
to  belong  to  the  Salt  River  Valley  in  all  probability.  The  practice  of 
incinerating  the  dead  separates  the  ruin  from  any  yet  examined  in  the 
Little  Colorado  drainage. 

On  the  whole,  the  Forestdale  ruin  is  only  one  of  perhaps  a  number 
along  the  head  streams  of  Salt  River,  which  is  on  the  natural  migration 
line  from  the  south  by  which  the  Indians  led  Coronado  to  Cibola.  In 
the  absence  of  information  concerning  the  ruins  it  is  not  possible  at 
present  to  make  any  approximate  statement  as  to  them.  Forestdale 
may  have  been  the  stopping  place  of  an  important  section  of  the  south- 
ern element  which  tradition  has  it  went  to  form  the  Zuni  or  it  may 
mark  a  southern  extension  of  the  Zuni.  The  cremation  of  the  dead 
also  tallies  with  the  Zuni  tradition  that  formerly  they  practiced  the 
same  custom. a  The  burial  against  the  house  walls  also  reminds  one  of 
the  Zuni  expression,  "We  bury  our  dead  beneath  the  ladders." 

The  plans  of  the  old  Zuni  ruins  figured  by  Mindeleff  in  the  Eighth 
Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology  show  that 
Nutria  is  a  circular  pueblo  and  that  Pescado,  so  far  as  the  ancient 
plan  can  be  traced,  approached  a  circular  outline.  Kintiel,  which  is  a 
Zuni  ruin,  and  several  of  the  ruins  of  the  Canyon  Butte  group  north 
of  the  Petrified  Forest  are  of  this  type. 

«Cushing.  Zuni  Creation  Myths,  Thirteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of 
American  Ethnology,  p.  336. 


ARCHEOLOGICAL    FIELD    WORK    IN    ARIZONA.  297 

Zufii  archeology  still  awaits  an  explorer  who  will  do  as  much  for  it 
as  has  Fewkes  for  the  Hopi.  A  vast  and  untouched  field  lies  south  of 
Zuni,  and  complex  migration  problems  cluster  around  the  headwaters 
of  the  Gila,  Salt,  and  Little  Colorado  rivers.  In  much  of  this  region, 
on  account  of  the  work  of  untrained  explorers  and  curio  hunters,  it  is 
too  late  to  do  more  than  secure  what  the}7  have  left  or  to  trace  the 
material  to  private  or  museum  collections  for  the  purpose  of  study. 

INTERIOR  SAWMILL. 

Leaving  Forestdale  a  reconnissance  was  made  to  Fort  Apache,  fol- 
lowing the  road  south  from  Cooleys.  A  cave  in  a  lava  bed  near  Inte- 
rior Sawmill  was  examined,  but  no  evidence  of  occupation  found.  A 
short  distance  from  the  Interior  Sawmill  a  small  pueblo  yielded  on 
excavation  a  few  pieces  of  gray  ware,  a  large  flaring  bowl  in  fine  coil- 
ing, a  stone  hammer  (Plate  14,  fig.  1),  a  bone  tool  splendidly  engraved 
(Plate  14,  fig.  2),  and  a  skull.  Farther  south  along  White  Mountain 
River  a  number  of  rectangular  pueblos  were  seen,  but  no  excavations 
made.  From  the  surface  relics  these  ruins  appear  to  be  poor  and  the 
pottery,  gray,  red,  and  coiled,  of  inferior  quality.  Having  secured 
photographs  and  ethnological  data  from  the  Apaches  and  made  botan- 
ical collections,  the  party  returned  north,  excavating  for  half  a  day  at 
Snowflake,  where  a  small  ruin  yielded  a  few  pieces  of  gray  and  red  ware 
and  a  skeleton. 

LINDEN. 

Near  Linden,  Navajo  County,  Arizona,  some  45  miles  south  of  Hol- 
brook,  there  is  a  large  ruin,  locally  called  Pottery  Hill,  lying  on  the 
north  side  of  the  watershed  near  the  divide  between  the  Salt  and  Little 
Colorado  rivers.  This  part  of  the  White  Mountain  Plateau  presents 
a  series  of  beautiful  park-like  expanses  between  low  ridges,  well  grassed 
and  studded  with  large  pines  and  clumps  of  stunted  oaks.  At  this 
elevation  in  the  White  Mountains  the  humidity  is  sufficient  in  favor- 
able seasons  to  admit  of  dry  farming.  Stock  raising  and  dairying  is 
the  main  occupation  of  the  people.  The  soil,  formed  by  the  decompo- 
sition of  carboniferous  sandstone,  limestone,  and  shales  is  fairly  rich. 
Vegetation  i^  abundant;  after  the  summer  rains  and  the  melting  of 
the  snow  in  spring  myriads  of  flowers  appear. 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  environment  would  be  favorable  to  the 
maintenance  of  the  prehistoric  people  who  lived  here,  furnishing 
wood  for  fuel  and  construction,  useful  plants,  clay  for  the  potter,  and 
stone  for  the  builder.  Game  abounded  and  wild  bees  yielded  honey. 
In  this  locality,  however,  there  are  no  springs,  the  water  sinking  and 
necessitating  at  present  its  impounding  in  ravines.  A  few  wells  have 
been  dug  at  Linden,  but  the  water  is  scanty  and  unpalatable. 

The  ruins  (Plate  15)  are  situated  on  a  ridge  bounding  the  southern 


298  REPORT    OF    NATIONAL    MUSEUM,  1901. 

side  of  one  of  these  parks.  The  main  site  covers  the  lower  end  of  the 
ridge  lying  with  its  longer  axis  north  and  south.  On  the  east  the  ruin 
slopes  down  to  the  valley  by  a  series  of  terraces  and  on  the  west  to  a 
shallow  draw.  Its  outline  is  oval,  measuring  228  feet  in  length  by  150 
feet  in  width.  The  cemeteries  lie  to  the  east  and  to  the  west  of  the 
pueblo  and  to  the  northwest  is  a  shrine  among  the  rocks,  consisting  of 
a  pile  of  fossils  and  iron  concretions  of  peculiar  shapes. 

Detached  rectangular  ruins  occur  at  intervals  in  the  juniper  and 
pinyon  woods  at  the  northwest  along  the  margin  of  the  gradually 
ascending  ridge  extending  perhaps  1,500  feet.  Aged  junipers  grow 
in  these  ruins  and  the  remaining  building  stones  show  extreme 
weathering.  No  trees  except  some  young  junipers  grow  on  Pottery 
Hill,  giving  the  impression  that  this  ruin  was  occupied  at  a  later 
period  than  the  others  in  the  vicinity. 

Another  interesting  ruin  of  the  Linden  group,  lying  in  the  forest  2 
miles  west  of  Pottery  Hill,  shows  a  rectangular  plan  45  by  72  feet, 
containing  12  rooms,  and  adjoining  is  a  circular-house  plan  65  feet  in 
diameter,  having  a  passage  through  the  wall  to  the  central  court. 
(Plates  16  and  17.)  There  was -little  debris,  and  excavations  were 
without  results.  Stumps  of  pine  trees  that  had  matured  and  decayed 
were  found  in  place  in  the  rooms.  The  plan  of  the  ruin  is  instructive 
when  compared  with  that  of  Forestdale,  which  also  presents  circular 
and  rectangular  features. 

No  walls  are  standing  in  the  Pottery  Hill  ruin,  and  heaps  of  sand- 
stone blocks  from  the  houses,  interspersed  with  fragments  of  pottery 
and  broken  implements,  cover  the  surface.  A  reconstruction  of  the 
pueblo  would  show  a  long  line  of  houses  perhaps  two  stories  in  height, 
facing  both  ways,  on  the  slopes  of  the  hill,  and  below  this  successive 
rows  of  houses,  forming  terraces.  To  the  east  there  were  three  or 
four  terraces  and  to  the  west  one  or  two.  No  detached  houses  or  fire 
boxes  were  observed.  Such  walls  as  we're  uncovered  during  excava- 
tion were  formed  of  oblong  blocks  of  rough-faced  sandstone  laid  with 
little  skill.  The  debris  of  house  refuse  is  enough  to  show  lengthy 
occupation  of  the  site. 

The  principal  cemetery  is  in  the  debris  on  the  west  side  of  the  pueblo 
some  distance  from  the  walls.  Most  of  the  graves  had  been  rifled 
during  the  summer  of  1900  by  dealers  in  curios  from  Pinedale,  but 
more  systematic  excavation  brought  to  light  a  number  of  specimens. 
Owing  to  the  strong  nature  of  the  soil  few  pieces  of  pottery  were 
taken  out  unbroken. 

A  feature  concerning  the  deposit  of  the  dead  in  the  graves  at  Lin- 
den such  as  the  packing  of  stones  and  clay  around  the  body,  especially 
near  the  head,  leads  one  to  suppose  that  the  device  was  to  prevent  bur- 
rowing animals  from  entering  the  sepultures.  This  mode  of  burial 
accounts  for  the  destruction  of  the  pottery  when  the  earth  sank  and 


ARCHEOLOGICAL    FIELD    WORK    IN    ARIZONA.  299 

packed  in  the  graves.  The  burials  were  at  length  with  no  regard  to 
the  points  of  the  compass,  and  no  stakes  were  placed  over  the  bodies  as 
at  Chaves  Pass,  nor  were  stone  slabs  found  as  in  the  ruins  along  the 
Little  Colorado  River.  No  traces  of  matting  or  other  textiles  were 
observed.  The  skeletons  were  mostly  deca}^ed  beyond  preservation. 
Bones  of  elk,  deer,  antelopes,  turkey,  and  of  small  mammals  and  birds 
were  numerous. 

In  the  undisturbed  cemetery  to  the  east  similar  conditions  obtained, 
but  the  majority  of  the  specimens  came  from  this  point.  A  burial 
here  was  noteworthy  in  that  two  bodies  were  interred  together,  the 
skeleton  of  one  is  in  fair  condition,  the  other  merely  vertebrae,  ribs, 
and  scapulae.  The  place  where  the  skull  should  have  been  found  was 
covered  with  an  inverted  bowl  containing  ashes,  and  no  fragments  of 
the  skull  were  present.  As  a  rule  the  pottery  was  deposited  near  the 
head;  when  a  number  of  pieces  were  found  the}?-  were  laid  along  the 
body.  In  one  grave  as  man}^  as  12  pieces  had  been  buried.  No  pahos 
or  fetishes  were  found  in  the  graves. 

The  finds  at  Linden  include  some  interesting  specimens  of  pottery 
of  several  classes.  Gray  ware  is  represented  here  principally  by  gray 
vases  with  spherical  body  and  tubular  neck,  having  a  curved  handle 
from  the  rim  to  the  body  (Plate  18,  figs.  1-3);  cups  with  handles;  bowls 
with  close  zigzag  ornamentation  covering  the  interior  (Plate  19,  fig.  1), 
and  canteens  of  good  form  and  ornamentation  (Plate  18,  fig.  4).  The 
bowl  of  fine  gray  ware  delicately  coiled  on  the  exterior,  and  with  a 
well-designed  fret  pattern  forming  a  band  around  the  interior  wall,  is 
a  remarkable  and  unique  specimen  (Plate  18,  fig.  5),  no  rugose  vessel 
of  the  gray  ware  having  been  hitherto  described  to  the  best  of  my 
knowledge. 

Another  noteworthy  specimen  is  a  gray  bowl  with  interior  orna- 
mentation of  human  and  animal  figures,  (Plate  19,  fig.  2.)  Around  the 
side  of  the  vessel  a  herd  of  deer  run  in  single  file  below  a  grotesquely 
drawn  human  figure  in  attitude  of  surprise,  and  in  the  bottom  of  the 
bowl  is  drawn  a  large  mountain  lion.  Apparent^  there  is  no  symbol- 
ism involved  in  the  design.  The  intention  of  the  artist  evidently  was 
to  portray  in  a  realistic  manner  some  actual  occurrence,  probably  the 
encountering  of  a  herd  of  deer  pursued  by  a  mountain  lion.  Frag- 
ments of  pottery  showing  portions  of  composition  have  been  picked 
up  on  ruins  along  the  north  slopes  of  the  White  and  Mogollon 
mountains,  indicating  the  use  of  such  designs,  but  whole  specimens 
are  exceedingly  rare.  The  bowl  in  question  was  in  many  fragments 
when  found. 

Some  bowls  of  coarse  red  ware  with  interior  geometric  ornamenta- 
tion were  taken  out  at  Linden.  They  resemble  those  of  Showlow  and 
other  ruins  yielding  gra}7  ware.  One  well-made  bowl  (Plate  20,  fig.  2) 
has  straight  sides,  and  on  the  exterior  is  a  stepped  design  with  white 


300  REPOKT    OF    NATIONAL    MUSEUM,   1901. 

border.  The  interior  is  undecorated.  The  edge  bears  black  dots,  a 
feature  often  noted  in  the  ware  of  the  mountain  ruins. 

Small  cooking  pots  of  coiled  ware  and  small  coiled  vases  occur  at 
Linden.  Great  quantities  of  fragments  of  large  flaring  bowls  with 
polished  black  interior  and  rugose  exterior  bearing  volutes  and 
grecques  in  white  lay  around  the  skeletons.  Often  five  or  six  of 
these  large  bowls  were  nested  in  a  grave,  and,  as  may  be  imagined, 
the  sinking  and  packing  of  rocky  soil  upon  them  produced  such  havoc 
that  it  was  not  possible  to  save  fragments  enough  to  reconstruct  a 
specimen  of  what  was  evidently  beautiful  ware.  A  small  globose  bowl 
of  this  type  was  preserved  intact.  (Plate  20,  fig.  1.)  Among  the  small 
potteiy  objects  from  Linden  are  reground  disks  and  small  dippers. 
Fragments  of  vases  and  bowls  with  birds  and  the  widespread  four  bird 
convention  and  a  fragment  of  gmy  ware  in  form  of  a  mountain  sheep's 
head  were  picked  up.  A  red  bowl  with  the  two  joined  bird  symbol 
on  the  interior  must  also  be  noticed. 

Rude  axes  and  hammers,  a  fragment  of  an  arrow-smoother  of  Gila 
type,  a  chipped  chert  implement  resembling  a  pick,  a  flint  chisel 
chipped  and  ground,  a  pitted  stone,  pottery  smoothers,  arrowheads, 
and  flint  and  obsidian  knives  comprise  the  collection  of  stone  imple- 
ments from  Linden.  Ornaments  of  stone  were  a  few  large  beads, 
disks,  and  tablets  of  red  stone.  Two  cjdindrical  sections  of  fibrous 
selenite  of  unknown  use  were  found  in  a  grave.  The  stones  from  the 
shrine  were  iron  concretions  in  form  of  cups,  spheres,  and  odd  shapes 
resembling  birds,  etc.,  fragments  of  red  jasper,  and  a  mass  of  fossil 
coral  {Syringopora  multattenuatd).  This  was  the  only  fossil  observed; 
on  the  hill  above  a  vein  of  Carboniferous  limestone  made  up  of  fossils 
was  seen  and  a  number  of  specimens  were  collected. 

Shell  is  very  scarce  at  Linden;  the  objects  of  this  material  taken 
out  were  fragments  of  bracelets  of  pectunculus  and  a  spiral  shell 
ornament,  Turitella  tigrina,  from  the  Gulf  of  California. 

Bone  was  more  frequent,  consisting  of  awls,  leather-working  tools, 
scrapers,  flint-working  tools,  punches,  and  other  implements  of  antler. 
A  number  of  antlers  were  taken  from  the  excavations.  Cups  of  elk 
and  deer  femurs  similar  to  those  found  at  Forestdale  occur  at  Linden. 

No  fragments  or  traces  of  fibers  or  textiles  were  encountered. 

The  collection  of  bones  of  animals  turned  up  during  the  excavation 
is  found  by  Mr.  F.  A.  Lucas  to  include  the  following:  Antelope,  elk, 
dog,  jack  rabbit,  and  turkey.  But  one  complete  human  skeleton  could 
be  saved,  the  bones  in  most  of  the  interments  being  in  fragmentary 
condition. 

Linden  presents  points  of  similarity  with  the  Huning  ruin  at  Show- 
low,  best  characterized  b}^  the  rugose  ware  with  white  decoration,  a 
type  to  which  attention  was  first  called  by  Bandelier  in  1883.  The 
range  of  this  type  is  not  clearly  defined  as  yet,  but  the  explorations  of 


ARCHEOLOGUCAL    FIELD    WORK    IN    ARIZONA.  301 

the  season  of  1901  give  localities  at  McDonald's  Canyon  and  the  Pet- 
rified Forest  (see  pp.  305,  314).  One  specimen  each  from  Four  Mile 
and  Chevlon  are  figured  by  Dr.  Fewkes.  a  It  must  be  said,  however, 
that  the  occurrence  seems  to  be  sporadic  at  the  sites  mentioned  and  that 
the  locality  of  greatest  prevalence  so  far  as  known  is  at  Linden. 
There  is  no  doubt  that  this  ware  belongs  on  the  northern  slope  of  the 
White  Mountains. 

SHOWLOW. 

A  large  ruin  on  the  ranch  of  Mr.  Henry  Huning,  at  Showlow,  was 
worked  by  the  Museum-Gates  expedition  for  a  few  days  beginning 
July  12.  Mr.  Huning  informs  the  writer  that  the  ruin  was  examined 
by  Mr.  A.  F.  Bandelier  some  }^ears  ago.&  The  pueblo  is  located  on  a 
rock  table  a  few  feet  above  the  level  of  Showlow  Creek,  which  irri- 
gates the  wide  and  fertile  valley  forming  part  of  the  Huning  ranch. 
The  layer  of  debris  is  thin;  hence  the  plan  of  this  ruin  is  somewhat 
easy  to  make  out.  (Plate  21.)  Much  of  the  stone  has  been  removed 
for  buildings,  and  during  this  process  a  room  at  the  south  end  of  the 
pueblo  was  found  to  contain  a  large  amount  of  charred  corn,  beans,  etc. 
The  cemetery  was  located  on  the  east  side  in  front  of  one  of  the  piers; 
there  were  few  interments,  and  only  a  small  collection  was  secured. 

The  pottery  is  of  red  and  gray,  the  latter  presenting  some  rather 
good  pieces,  a  dipper  with  rattle  handle  being  noteworthy.  The  red 
ware  is  not  fine  and  the  decoration  not  well  executed.  Rugose  bowls 
with  volutes  of  white  were  frequent,  though  in  fragmentary  condition. 
Bone  awls  and  a  worked  deer  femur  were  found.  Notched  flints,  a  stone 
ax,  an  arrow  smoother,  scrapers,  arrowheads  of  obsidian,  and  a  large 
chipped  flint  leaf  form  comprised  the  relics  in  stone.  A  bit  of  the 
clay  as  rolled  out  by  the  potter  in  the  process  of  coiling  a  vessel  was 
taken  from  the  debris. 

The  scarcity  of  potshards  on  the  surface  of  this  denuded  ruin  was 
remarked,  and  reminded  one  of  the  absence  of  such  relics  from  the  Zuni 
ruins,  where  the  shards  have  been  picked  up  by  the  modern  potters 
to  be  incorporated,  after  pulverization,  with  the  clay  for  vessels.  One 
perfect  skeleton  was  secured.  Bones  of  dog,  two  species  of  rabbits, 
turkey,  and  deer  were  collected. 

The  Huning  ruin  is  a  good  example  of  the  rectangular  pueblo,  show- 
ing considerable  skill  in  laying  out  a  village.  The  masonry  exposed 
during  the  excavations  is  good;  the  material  is  of  blocks  of  Carbonifer- 
ous sandstone. 

It  seems  probable  that  the  pueblo  was  inhabited  only  for  a  short 
time.  The  artifacts  resemble  those  excavated  at  Linden,  some  8  miles 
to  the  northwest. 

«  Report,  Smithsonian  Institution,  1897,  pi.  n;  idem,  1896,  pi.  xlii. 
&  Papers,  Archaeological  Institute  of  America,  IV,  Pt.  2,  p.  393. 


302  EEPORT    OF    NATIONAL    MUSEUM,   1901. 

SHUMWAY. 

Near  the  town  of  Shumway,  40  miles  south  of  Holbrook,  on  the 
banks  of  Silver  Creek,  a  ruin  of  some  importance  was  hastily  exam- 
ined while  the  party  was  on  the  way  north  from  Showlow.  The  ruin 
consists  of  a  long  house  group,  two  rooms  deep,  and  a  parallel  house 
group  having  a  wing  at  right  angles  at  one  end,  and  between  these 
groups  is  a  plaza  (Plate  22).  The  rear  house  mass  forms  a  high  mound 
of  debris  from  the  two  stories  of  this  part.  The  cemetery  lies  in  a 
sand  bank  near  the  walls  of  the  front  row  of  the  houses,  facing  the 
creek.  The  graves  had  been  rifled  the  summer  before  by  a  "  pottery 
digger,"  who  sold  his  ill-gotten  gains  at  Holbrook.  It  is  presumed 
that  the  specimen's  are  in  a  collection  purchased  at  Holbrook  in  1901 
by  the  Free  Museum  of  Science  and  Art  of  Philadelphia.  A  number 
of  fragments,  sufficient  to  show  the  quality  and  character  of  the  pot- 
tery, were  picked  up  on  the  excavations.  The  pottery  is  fine  yellow 
and  red,  and  the  decoration  is  like  that  of  the  ancient  Hopi  pottery. 
The  fragments  show  that  symbolic  designs  were  common  on  the  inte- 
rior of  the  bowls. 

LITTLE  COLORADO  VALLEY. 

MCDONALDS     CANYON  —  SCORSE      RANCH  —  CANYON     BUTTE — ADAMANA  —  MET  ATE  —  WOOD- 
RUFF— MILKY    HOLLOW — STONE    AXE — SMALL   SITES   NEAR   STONE   AXE. 

McDonalds  canyon. 

On  the  day  of  my  arrival  at  Holbrook  some  Mexicans  brought  in 
58  pieces  of  excellent  pottery  from  ruins  22  miles  southwest  of  that 
place,  in  McDonalds  Canyon.  (See  general  map.)  It  was  ascertained 
that  there  were  a  number  of  ruins  perhaps  worthy  of  examination 
in  the  locality  whence  the  specimens  came.  Hiring  a  small  force  of 
laborers  and  getting  together  a  camping  outfit,  on  May  4  we  camped 
by  the  ruins,  11  miles  from  nearest  water. 

McDonalds  Canyon  is  the  name  for  quite  a  scope  of  country  among 
the  ascending  Carboniferous  ridges  flanking  the  White  Mountain  Pla- 
teau. The  dry  wash  leading  into  the  Little  Colorado,  between  Hol- 
brook and  St.  Joseph,  which  heads  back  in  the  mountains,  has  numerous 
branches,  so  that  the  country  is  broken  by  canyons  of  no  great  depth, 
sometimes  expanding  into  wide,  level  barrancas,  becoming  in  wet  sea- 
sons lakes.  The  ridges,  deeply  covered  with  yellow  sand  and  clothed 
with  junipers,  present  a  most  desolate  aspect.  The  environment  is 
hostile  as  to  food  and  water,  as  the  party  experienced.  In  the  seasons 
when  rain  falls,  water  is  impounded  in  the  natural  tanks,  but  does  not 
last  long  under  the  extreme  evaporation  at  this  altitude — 5,400  feet. 
In  one  case  a  stone  wall  had  been  thrown  across  a  canyon  for  the  pur- 
pose of  impounding  water,  a  piece  of  engineering  rare  in  this  portion 


ARCHEOLOGICAL    FIELD    WOKK    IN    ARIZONA.  303 

of  the  Southwest,  and  at  present  the  dam  is  effective,  this  source  of 
water  being  the  last  to  fail.  Much  of  the  present  forlorn  appearance 
of  the  country  is  caused  by  range  stock. 

The  ruins,  five  in  number,  are  located  on  sandy  ridges  from  1  to  2 
miles  apart.  They  exist  as  inconspicuous  elevations  and  are  very 
difficult  to  find  amidst  the  maze  of  ridges.  All  the  ruins  of  the  group 
are  rectangular  in  plan,  the  rows  of  houses  surrounding  a  plaza  the 
entrance  to  which  is  from  the  east.  There  were  no  detached  houses. 
The  largest  ruin  is  typical  of  the  group  (Plate  23).  It  evidently  had 
a  two-story  house  of  large  dimensions  at  the  northeast  corner.  Judg- 
ing by  the  amount  of  debris,  the  other  houses  of  the  village  were  one 
story  in  height.     A  circle  of  stones  lies  to  the  southwest. 

The  house-building  material  is  coarse  yellow  Carboniferous  sand- 
stone laid  in  gypsum,  which  is  abundant  in  the  formations  of  this 
region.  Smooth  floors  of  the  same  material  and  slab  floors  were 
observed  in  some  of  the  rooms.  Beneath  the  corner  of  the  high  house 
of  Ruin  1  a  number  of  small  white  quartz  concretions  had  been  placed, 
apparently  in  dedication  of  the  structure. 

The  debris  is  sufficient  to  indicate  the  occupation  of  these  villages 
for  a  somewhat  extended  period,  perhaps  two  generations.  Bones  of 
antelope,  deer,  dog,  wildcat,  and  rabbit  were  found  in  the  debris. 

The  cemeteries  lie  to  the  northeast  of  the  village,  close  to  the  walls, 
and  contained  numerous  interments  at  a  moderate  depth,  the  bodies 
laid  at  full  length,  generally  to  face  the  east.  The  grave  of  a  child 
containing  several  mortuary  vessels  was  found  under  the  floor  of  a 
house.  No  grave  slabs  were  discovered,  and  the  burials  near  the  walls 
were  poor  in  pottery.  The  character  of  the  soil  is  such  that  no  incrus- 
tation of  mineral  matter  was  deposited,  so  that  the  specimens  came  out 
in  unusually  good  condition.  Twenty-three  crania  and  portions  of 
skeletons  were  collected.  Though  these  ruins  had  been  sacked,  I  was 
able  during  part  of  three  days  to  collect  over  100  specimens,  many  of 
which  had  been  left  as  unimportant  by  the  workmen,  who  only  seek 
the  marketable  pottery  and  trinkets. 

By  good  fortune  the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology  was  able  to 
purchase  from  H.  H.  Scorse  the  valuable  pottery  previously  collected 
here  and  from  two  other  localities  north  of  Holbrook.  Thanks  to  this 
these  specimens  now  in  the  National  Museum  supplement  those  col- 
lected by  the  writer  and  will  be  described  with  them  in  the  following 
pages. 

Seventy  per  cent  of  the  ware  at  McDonalds  Canyon  is  black  and 
white,  the  "gray  ware"  so  widespread  in  the  Pueblo  region,  and  the 
remainder  is  of  red  and  coi  led  ware.  The  gray  pottery  from  McDonalds 
Canyon  presents  some  of  the  finest  specimens  of  this  ware  in  existence. 
The  bowls  are  large  and  perfect  and  the  decoration  forceful,  showing 
the  touch  of  a  master  hand.     The  largest  bowl  (Plate  24,  fig.  2)  has  a 


304  REPORT    OF    NATIONAL    MUSEUM,  1901. 

band  of  geometric  pattern  around  the  side  leaving  a  circular  field  in  the 
bottom.  This  pattern  is  made  up  of  bird  forms.  The  bowl  is  ovate  in 
outline,  13  inches  in  diameter  and  6£  inches  deep.  The  pigment  has 
burnt  to  a  soft  dark  brown.  A  second  bowl  (Plate  24,  fig,  1),  also  ovate 
in  outline,  has  a  series  of  frets  of  derivative  bird  forms  and  lines  of 
hour-glass  figures  which  are  also  a  conventionalized  form  of  two  birds 
placed  feet  together  with  heads  in  opposite  direction.  The  design  is 
arranged  in  four  wedge-shaped  areas  leaving  a  square  field  in  the  bot- 
tom of  the  bowl.  This  bowl  is  13  inches  in  longest  diameter  and  5f 
inches  deep.  Another  bowl  (Plate  25,  fig.  2)  of  large  size  bears  on  the 
interior  a  bold  and  striking  design  of  interlocking  hooks  arising  from 
pyramidal  bases.  These  are  birds  and  the  effect  is 'to  produce  a  run- 
ning key  pattern  outlined  in  black.  The  design,  like  that  of  Plate  24, 
fig.  1,  if  in  four  wedge-shaped  sections  outlining  a  square  field  in  the 
bottom  of  the  vessel.  The  color  used  is  a  rich,  glossy  black;  the  speci- 
men is  fresh  and  in  perfect  condition  (diameter,  Hi  inches;  height, 
6  inches).  Still  another  large  bowl  (Plate  25,  fig.  1)  from  this  group 
of  ruins  belongs  with  similar  specimens  from  the  north.  Almost  identi- 
cal pieces  were  found  at  Scorse  Ranch  (see  p.  308),  and  W.  H.  Holmes 
figures  one  from  Tusayan.a  It  is  more  than  probable  that  this  splendid 
bowl  was  secured  by  barter  from  the  people  of  lower  Le  Roux  Wash. 
The  arrangement  of  the  design  is  like  that  of  the  last-described  bowl 
and  the  outline  is  more  symmetrical.  Several  other  gray  bowls  show 
resourcefulness  and  manual  skill  in  decoration  that  mark  all  the  speci- 
mens from  this  locality.  Gray  vases  of  good  form,  with  handles,  are 
next  in  frequency  after  the  bowls.  These  comprise  the  list  of  forms  in 
gray  ware.  The  vases  are  of  different  sizes  from  very  small  to  those 
holding  upward  of  a  quart.  The  small  vases  are  as  carefully  decorated 
as  the  larger  and  it  is  probable  that  they  are  connected  with  ceremonial 
usuages  as  the  little  sacred  water  vases  of  the  Hopi. 

Attention  may  be  called  to  a  vase  of  excellent  form  and  decoration. 
(Plate  26,  fig.  2.)  The  design  is  made  up  of  horizontal  bands  inclosing 
two  running  scrolls;  the  motive,  birds  with  interlocking  beaks.  Four 
groups  of  four  vertical  lines  are  arranged  on  the  rim,  resembling  the 
Pueblo  rain  symbol.  The  black  pigment  has  a  remarkable  luster, 
unlike  that  of  any  specimen  known  to  the  writer.  A  vase,  probably 
of  idealized  bird  form,  was  taken  from  these  ruins.  (Plate  26,  fig.  1.) 
The  surface  design  in  red-brown  has  become  obscured  by  weathering, 
but  enough  remains  to  show  that  it  represents  feathers. 

The  red  ware  consists  principally  of  small  bowls  and  dippers  of  fri- 
able paste.  The  surface  is  polished  and  decorated  with  geometric 
designs.     The  small  canteen  (Plate  29,  fig.  1)  is  a  beautiful  object  from 

a  Pottery  of  the  Ancient  Pueblos,  Fourth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Amer- 
ican Ethnology,  p.  323. 


ARCHEOLOGICAL    FIELD    WORK    IN    ARIZONA.  305 

its  elegant  form,  high  polish,  and  varying  shades  of  red,  like  a  ripe 
apple.  A  small  vase  decorated  with  spirals  in  white  (Plate  29.  fig.  2) 
is  also  an  attractive  object.  With  the  red  ware  may  be  classed  bowls 
of  rugose  ware  with  polished  black  interior  (Plates  27  and  28,  figs.  1 
and  2)  and.a  geometrical  decoration  in  white  over  the  rough  exterior. 
The  design  reminds  one  of  those  on  basketry  and,  taken  with  the  rugose 
surface,  is  suggestive  of  the  origin  of  this  type  of  ware.  A  number 
of  rough  cooking  pots  of  coiled  ware,  usually  rather  small,  are  in  the 
collection  from  these  ruins. 

The  only  bit  of  relief  modeling  noticed  is  a  small  fragment  bearing 
a  rudely  formed  human  foot. 

It  was  noticed  that  worked  stone  axes  and  hammers  are  absent  from 
the  McDonalds  Canyon  ruins,  their  place  being  filled  by  spalled 
quartzite  bowlders  and  cylindrical  battering  hammers  of  quartzite 
and  jasper.  One  bowlder  of  natural  form  has  two  finger  holes  pecked 
on  opposite  sides.  Pottery  polishing  stones,  chert  arrowheads,  and 
knives  are  somewhat  common.     Flat  metates  and  manos  were  present. 

A  pectunculus  shell  carved  in  the  shape  of  a  frog  and  bearing  evi- 
dence of  having  been  once  incrusted  with  mosaic  was  found.  Such 
specimens  are  rare.  .Dr.  Fewkes  figures  an  incrusted  shell  frog  from 
Chaves  Pass"  and  a  plain  carving  from  Chevlon.6  A  few  beads  of 
shell  or  stone  were  collected  at  McDonalds  Canyon. 

Some  awls  and  a  wedge-shaped  object  comprise  the  worked  bone 
secured  in  these  ruins. 

No  remains  of  textile  were  observed.  The  house  refuse  shows  bones 
of  turkey  and  deer  few  in  number.  Charred  corn  was  also  taken  out 
of  the  excavations. 

Pahos  and  fetishes,  except  the  stones  found  under  a  house  corner, 
were  not  seen. 

The  crania  nearly  all  show  the  flattening  of  the  occiput  so  common 
in  the  Pueblo  region.  From  the  somatological  series  procured  at 
McDonalds  Canyon  it  will  be  possible  to  make  a  contribution  to  the 
affiliations  of  the  inhabitants  of  these  pueblos. 

In  September,  after  the  close  of  the  Museum-Gates  expedition,  the 
writer  spent  some  time  in  examining  and  mapping  two  groups  of 
undescribed  ruins  north  of  Holbrook  on  the  Le  Roux  and  Cotton- 
wood washes  at  the  Scorse  Ranch  and  near  Biddahoochee,  respectively. 

Le  Roux  Wash  extends  southwest  from  the  Navajo  Reserve,  near 
the  New  Mexico  line,  about  100  miles  to  the  Little  Colorado  at  Hol- 
brook, Arizona.  There  are  two  branches,  one  called  Pueblo  Colorado 
W7ash,  heading  on  the  8,000-foot  contour  near  Zilh  Tusayan  Butte,  and 
the  other  heading  northeast  of  Old  Fort  Defiance.  The  valley  is  wide 
and  sandy,  and  on  account  of  the  large  drainage  area  the  water  from 

a  Report,  Smithsonian  Institution,  1896,  p.  529.  &  Idemv  p.  535, 

NAT  MUS  1901 20 


306 

local  storms  in  the  basin  is  distributed  for  long  distances;  not  infre- 
quently the  wash  "runs  through."  Because  of  the  water  and  of  the 
fact  that  the  bed  of  the  wash  offers  numerous  places  where  the  water 
overflows  wide  areas  of  sand,  forming  ideal  locations  for  Indian  corn- 
fields, the  movements  of  migrating  clans  have  been  along  Le  Roux 
and  Cottonwood  washes  rather  than  along  the  Puerco  and  Upper  Little 
Colorado  with  .their  swift  current.  The  prevalence  of  ruins  along  the 
Le  Roux  Wash  is  in  accordance  with  the  conditions  noted.  The 
better-known  ruins  are  those  at  Ganado,  Kintiel,  and  Tanner  Springs, 
and  to  these  we  may  add  the  group  under  consideration. 

Along  this  migration  route  the  gray  and  red  ware  in  northern  forms 
of  the  San  Juan  have  been  carried  south  and  west  to  the  Little 
Colorado  far  into  Tusayan.  It  is  probable  also  that  the  migrations 
extended  into  the  White  Mountain  plateau  and  are  responsible  for 
some  of  the  sites  furnishing  gray  and  red  ware,  as  at  McDonalds 
Canyon.  It  must  be  said,  however,  that  the  characteristic  San  Juan 
forms  thin  out  in  the  western  part  of  the  White  Mountain  region, 
while  on  the  lower  Le  Roux  they  exist  in  entirety. 

SCORSE  RANCH. 

The  Scorse  Ranch  ruins  lie  on  the  south  side  of  the  Le  Roux  Wash, 
in  the  broken  country  along  the  north  flanks  of  the  Holbrook  mesa, 
at  a  distance  of  from  16  to  20  miles  north  of  Holbrook.  (Plate  30.) 
They  extend  from  the  "X"  Ranch  to  the  Scorse  Ranch,  a  distance  of 
about  4  miles.  Small  sites  are  also  found  at  the  level  of  the  valley, 
but  it  will  be  seen  that  the  larger  pueblos  were  hidden  in  the  hills, 
where  there  is  building  material  at  hand.  Small  house  ruins  are  found 
near  the  base  of  the  X  Ranch  Butte.  This  strangely  formed  mass  of 
black  lava  has  nests  of  predatoiw  birds  on  its  summit,  and  the  house 
sites  may  have  some  connection  with  eagle  ownership  or  they  may 
have  been  field  houses.  The  bed  of  Le  Roux  Wash  alwa}7s  contains 
water,  which  may  be  had  by  digging  a  few  feet  below  the  surface. 
Wood  is  scarce;  a  few  cotton  woods  growing  along  the  wash  and  a 
small  clump  of  junipers  on  the  mesa  form  the  only  trees  to  be  seen. 
Desert  vegetation,  such  as  "rabbit  brush,"  Blgelovia  graveolens,  Atri- 
plex  argentea,  etc.,  is  relatively  abundant  and  furnishes  fuel  to  those 
who  camp  there.  Clay  is  plentiful,  and  stone  exists  near  the  top  of 
the  mesa,  where  deposits  of  Triassic  fossils  and  petrified  wood  were 
seen,  one  pueblo  having  been  built  of  the  last-mentioned  material. 

The  ruins  are  rectangular,  displaying  no  characteristics  of  plan 
worthy  of  remark.  No  walls  stand  above  the  surface,  and  the  condi- 
tion of  the  sites  gives  one  the  impression  that  the  pueblos  have  been 
abandoned  a  long  time.  In  general  the  pueblos  face  the  valley  without 
uniformity  ks  to  orientation,  nor  do  the  cemeteries  appear  to  have 


ARCHEOLOGICAL    FIELD    WORK    IN    ARIZONA.  307 

been  oriented,  the  burials  being  located  around  the  villages  wherever 
a  suitable  spot  could  be  found. 

The  houses  were  constructed  of  small  irregular  blocks  of  Triassic 
sandstone  laid  up  in  the  usual  way  and  were  probably  in  the  main  one 
story  in  height.     Debris  around  the  villages  is  abundant. 

It  is  not  possible  to  go  into  detail  concerning  the  method  of  burial 
practiced  in  these  ruins,  as  the  cemeteries  had  been  rifled.  From 
observation  of  the  excavations  it  was  gathered  that  burial  slabs  were 
used,  that  the  ground  is  full  of  charcoal  and  ashes,  and  that  some  of 
the  skeletons  were  well  preserved.  My  guide,  who  had  worked  the 
ruins,  informed  me  that  almost  no  shell,  turquoise,  or  beads  were 
present. 

A  portion  of  the  specimens  went  to  the  Wattron  collection,  pur- 
chased by  the  Field  Columbian  Museum  of  Chicago,  and  the  subse- 
quent collections  were,  on  the  writer's  recommendation,  purchased  by 
the  Bureau  of  Ethnology.  On  this  interesting  collection  the  descrip- 
tion of  the  artifacts  of  the  Le  Roux  Wash  ruins  is  based. 

The  Scorse  Ranch  collection  numbers  175  pieces  of  pottery.  Of 
these  13  per  cent  are  of  gray  ware,  20  per  cent  undecorated  brown 
ware  with  polished  black  interior,  18  per  cent  coiled  cooking  pots  and 
coiled  vases,  and  11  per  cent  of  red  ware.  The  remaining  per  cent 
consist  of  a  few  miscellaneous  pieces  not  classified. 

The  forms'  of  gray  ware  in  order  of  prevalence  are:  Vases  with 
handles  (11);  bowls  (23);  globose  vases  (7);  canteens  (5);  bird-form 
vessels  (1);  cups  and  dippers,  of  which  there  is  1  each.  The  brown 
ware  with  polished  interior  is:  In  the  form  of  bowls  (26);  dippers  (5); 
cups(l);  and  vases  (1).  The  red  ware:  Bowls  (12);  vases  (5);  jars  (1); 
cups  (1);  globose  vases  (1).  The  coiled  ware  consists  principally  of 
cooking  pots,  and  with  this  class  are  a  number  of  small,  finely  coiled 
vases  of  ceremonial  use.  One  fine  bowl  of  red  ware  with  rugose  sur- 
face was  found. 

Gray  ware. — The  texture  of  the  gray  ware  is  coarse,  and  in  some 
cases  the  paste  is  so  dark  that  it  has  been  necessary  to  cover  the  ves- 
sels with  white  slip.  The  surface  is  roughly  finished,  and  the  marks 
of  the  smoothing  tools  are  easily  seen.  The  color  used  in  decoration 
is  black. 

The  variety  of  forms  in  gray  ware  is  in  keeping  with  the  abundance 
of  this  class.  The  handled  vases  show  considerable  diversity  in  shape, 
from  a  simple  bottle  form  to  the  typical  vase  form  with  neck  and 
shoulder.  (Plate  31,  figs.  1-6.)  Some  of  the  vases  resemble  rude 
pitchers.  In  size  these  vessels  range  from  2  to  10£  inches  in  height. 
The  rounded  bottoms  and  heavy  handle  at  the  neck  render  these  ves- 
sels unstable  like  the  ancient  tumblers. 

Another  purely  northern  form  is  the  globular  bowl.  (Plate  32.  fig. 
6.)     These  are  usually  in  gray  ware,  but  sometimes  in  plain  red.     The 


308  REPORT    OF    NATIONAL    MUSEUM,  1901. 

first  specimens  of  this  form  in  the  National  Museum  were  collected  by 
Dr.  Edward  Palmer  from  an  ancient  pueblo  at  St.  George,  Utah. 
They  are  always  thin  and  well  made  The  vessels  in  form  of  canteens 
are  also  skillfully  made  and  well  decorated.  (Plate  32,  fig.  5.)  They 
are  small  to  be  used  for  carrying  water  compared  with  the  canteens  in 
use  at  present.  This  form,  which  is  of  rather  wide  distribution,  is 
found  in  the  ruins  of  the  gray  and  red  type  in  the  White  Mountains, 
as  well  as  on  the  Rio  San  Juan. 

The  bowls  of  gray  ware  range  from  crude  specimens  with  flat  bot- 
tom, straight  flaring  sides  and  simple  decoration,  to  those  displaying  a 
degree  of  taste.  One  of  the  more  interesting  bowls  has  a  remarkable 
design  of  unknown  meaning.  (Plate  34,  fig.  2.)  Another  shallow 
bowl  has  a  decoration  representing  a  horned  snake  with  two  heads. 
(Plate  34,  fig.  1.)  The  design  on  a  third  bowl  consists  of  two  bands  of 
the  bird  pattern  in  waved  lines.  (Plate  33,  fig.  1.)  This  pattern  is 
found  at  McDonalds  Canyon.  (P.  304.)  A  bowl  with  precisely  drawn 
decoration  shows  bird  figures  in  an  extreme  stage  of  conventionaliza- 
tion. (Plate  33,  fig.  2).  This  bowl  apparently  has  been  intentionally 
bent  into  its  present  shape;  other  bowls  so  bent  have  been  found  in 
the  White  Mountain  region.  A  small  bowl  from  this  location  is  the 
only  one  having  decoration  in  brown  pigment.  The  vessel  is  in  good 
condition  and  resembles  Zuni  work.  Another  bowl  has  a  design  in. 
the  center  of  the  field  in  the  bottom  formed  of  crossed  lines  over  con- 
centric circles.  This  is  the  only  vessel  from  these  ruins  bearing  sym- 
bolism in  this  manner. 

This  collection  has  a  number  of  bird  forms  in  gray  ware.  (Plate  32.) 
One  very  good  specimen  (Plate  32,  fig.  1)  has  a  loop  at  the  tail  of  the 
bird  for  the  passage  of  a  cord;  the  head  of  the  bird  is  missing  and 
with  this  portion  the  other  loop.  The  arrangement  of  the  decoration 
into  several  fields  is  a  conventionalization  of  the  bird  topography. 
The  small  vase  (Plate  32,  fig.  4)  is  interesting  as  showing  both  bird 
form  and  surface  decoration  of  bird  elements.  A  small  rude  vase  of 
bird  form  has  a  decoration  of  feathers  around  the  neck.  (Plate  31, 
fig.  3.)  Another  undecorated  vase  is  closer  to  the  bird  form  and  bears 
wings  in  relief  on  the  sides.     (Plate  32,  fig.  2.) 

Of  the  brown  ware  with  polished  black  interior  there  is  little  to  say, 
except  that  the  bowls  are  distinctly  conical.  This  ware  should  be  con- 
sidered a  variety  of  red. 

The  red  ware  consists  mainly  of  soft  earthenware  bowls  with  polished 
surface  and  geometric  line  decoration  on  the  interior.  (Plate  35,  fig. 
1.)  The  bowls  of  harder  paste  have  exterior  decoration  in  white  (Plate 
35,  figs.  2  and  3)  like  those  of  Canyon  Butte  (see  Plate  47).  So  far 
as  known  at  present,  the  distribution  of  this  type  of  decoration  is 
coincident  with  the  range  of  tribes  of  Zuni  culture.  Thus,  specimens 
have  appeared  at  Kintiel,  Navaho  Springs,  Petrified  Forest,  Scorse 


ARCHEOLOGICAL    FIELD    WORK    IN    ARIZONA.  309 

Ranch  in  northeastern  Arizona,  and  in  the  St.  Johns  region  extending 
south  of  Zuiii,  New  Mexico.  Presumably  the  rugose  vessels  with 
kaolin  decoration  centralized  at  Showlow  and  Linden  belong  to  a  sepa- 
rate class  more  limited  in  distribution.  A  small  red  vase  with  finger 
sockets  (Plate  36,  fig.  1)  is  noteworthy  as  is  a  specimen  ornamented 
with  concentric  marks  made  with  the  finger  nail  (Plate  36,  fig.  3). 
The  handled  vases  (Plate  36,  figs.  4  and  5)  in  red  resemble  similar 
gray  forms.  One  of  these  is  covered  with  red  slip  over  gray  paste. 
Great  taste  was  displayed  in  coiling.     (Plate  36,  fig.  2.) 

Some  stone  hammers  grooved  for  the  reception  of  a  handle  and  a 
few  basalt  axes  of  good  form  and  elegant  finish  (Plate  37,  figs.  1  and  2), 
are  in  the  collection.  The  implements  of  chert  are  leaf -shape  knives, 
arrowheads,  and  drills.  There  are  mortars  with  pestles  of  coarse 
sandstone  and  lava.  (Plate  37,  fig.  3.)  A  well-worked  stone  ball  and 
two  tubular  pipes  of  lava  (Plate  52,  figs.  1  and  2)  were  taken  from 
these  ruins.  But  one  object  of  shell,  a  valve  of  a  clam,  is  included 
in  the  collection. 

The  pottery  from  Le  Roux  Wash  has  a  crude  appearance,  due  to 
lack  of  finish  and  skill  in  decoration.  Without  doubt  there  was  an 
attempt  to  execute  forms  of  some  complexity  and  difficulty,  but  the 
result  is  rarely  praiseworthy. 

CANYON  BUTTE. 

This  group  of  four  ruins  lies  close  to  the  northern  escarpment  of 
the  chief  basin  of  the  Petrified  Forest,  at  the  source  of  a  wash  flowing 
southwest  and  entering  the  Little  Colorado  at  Woodruff  (see  map, 
Plate  38).  The  country  is  high  and  rolling,  sloping  west  and  south 
from  the  rim  of  the  Puerco  Valley,  which  stands  about  2  miles  north 
of  the  ruins.  The  ridges  are  of  tinted  Triassic  marls  covered  with 
wind-drifted  sand,  and  sometimes  sandstone  ledges  bearing  a  few 
stunted  junipers  crop  out. 

On  May  9,  when  camp  was  made  on  the  ruins,  the  country  was  well 
grassed  and  numerous  desert  plants  had  sprung  up  after  seasonable 
rains,  but  no  water  was  to  be  had  nearer  than  the  well  in  the  wash  at 
the  "Jim  Camp,"  in  the  Petrified  Forest,  about  2£  miles  away.  There 
are  no  springs  in  this  region,  the  water  sinking  quickly  and  flowing 
in  underground  streams. 

It  is  probable  that  the  people  inhabiting  these  pueblos  in  former 
times  impounded  water  in  tanks  in  the  marl  which  underlies  this  region. 
Sagebrush  is  the  only  available  firewood,  the  few  junipers  being  inac- 
cessible along  the  rocky  mesa  sides. 

In  great  contrast  with  the  basins  of  the  Petrified  Forest  the  neigh- 
borhood of  the  ruins  shows  few  evidences  of  erosion;  hence  the  pueblos 
have  been  little  disturbed  and  appear  as  low,  weed-grown  mounds  strewn 


310  EEPOET    OF    NATIONAL    MUSEUM,  1901. 

with  fragments  of  pottery,  house  stones,  and  other  debris.  The  location 
of  the  group  was  known  by  two  or  three  cattlemen  only  who  had  ridden 
over  the  site,  and  to  this  fact  is  due  the  preservation  of  the  remains 
from  the  vandals  who  have  ransacked  the  ancient  pueblos  of  the  South- 
west for  a  number  of  }^ears  without  let  or  hindrance.  The  environment 
at  present  is  quite  hostile,  and  there  is  no  evidence  that  there  has  been 
any  great  change  in  the  climate  for  centuries.  Clay  and  stone  are 
abundant,  but  the  scarcity  of  food  animals  and  plants,  firewood,  etc., 
coupled  with  the  lack  of  water,  render  it  somewhat  of  a  mystery  why 
the  people  primarily  located  in  this  region.  It  is  probable,  however, 
that  the  juniper  forest  formerly  spread  more  widely  over  this  section 
where  areas  of  it  now  exist,  having  escaped  the  great  denudation  in 
progress.  It  has  also  been  thought  that  a  progressive  desiccation  is 
taking  place  in  the  Southwest;  no  observational  data  is  at  hand  to  sub- 
stantiate this  theory,  and  the  generalization  perhaps  arises  from  the 
cycles  of  dry  and  wet  years  that  have  been  noted  by  settlers  in  the 
country. 

All  the  Canyon  Butte  Wash  ruins  face  the  east,  the  houses  at  the 
back  of  the  pueblos  having  been  two  or  more  stories  in  height.  The 
plan  of  the  ruin  varies;  one  is  semicircular,  another  is  ovate,  another 
is  rectangular,  with  one  rounded  or  stepped  corner;  the  remaining  one 
is  rectangular.  The  materials  are  small  slabs  of  Triassic  sandstone 
laid  in  mud,  and  the  masonry  shows  little  skill  in  breaking  joints  and 
tying  corners.  The  exterior  walls  are  10  inches  thick ;  the  walls  between 
the  rooms  7  inches  thick;  the  floors  of  stone  slabs;  the  rear  wall  was 
plain  and  perhaps  without  openings.  The  rooms  average  about  7  b}^ 
10  feet  in  floor  area,  a  size  rarely  departed  from  in  the  Pueblo  region. 

The  cemeteries  are  northeast  of  the  village  at  a  short  distance  from 
the  house  Avails.  The  dead  were  laid  to  face  the  same  point  of  com- 
pass and  covered  with  slabs  of  sandstone  placed  slanting  over  the  bod}' 
at  a  depth  of  from  2  to  7  feet.  Detached  house  sites,  altars,  fire  boxes, 
etc.,  were  observed  near  the  ruins.  The  debris  of  house  refuse  is  con- 
siderable in  amount,  and  yields  bones  of  the  rabbit,  dog,  turkey,  rodents, 
and  antelope. 

In  detail,  the  results  of  investigations  of  the  ruins  are  as  follows: 

Sum  No.  1  (Plate  39),  the  most  important  of  the  group,  is  semi- 
circular in  outline,  two  rooms  deep,  the  mound  standing  high  at  the 
back,  indicating  a  terrace  story.  In  the  center  of  the  court,  near 
the  house  walls,  is  a  depression  about  20  feet  in  diameter.  There  are 
also  traces  of  constructions  in  the  court,  which  slopes  down  to  the 
opening.  To  the  northeast,  in  a  low  elliptic  mound  of  house  refuse, 
is  the  cemetery.  Near  the  southeast  end  of  this  mound  is  a  flat  cir- 
cular area  having  a  heap  of  concretions  and  stones  of  odd  and  sug- 
gestive shapes  and  colors.  Some  of  the  stones  are  worked  cylinders 
and  spheres.     Numerous  tubular  pipes  of  lava  were  scattered  among 


ARCHEOLOGICAL    FIELD    WORK    IN    ARIZONA.  311 

the  stones,  and  near  the  altar  is  a  fire  box  lined  with  slabs  and  tilled 
with  calcined  fragments  of  volcanic  rock.  Three  small  house  sites  are 
located  to  the  east  of  this  ruin.  Near  the  southern  house  a  single 
burial  was  discovered,  containing  four  pieces  of  pottery,  some  shell 
beads,  and  a  few  turquois  pendants.  Near  the  northern  group  of 
houses  and  at  the  south  end  of  the  main  pueblo  are  fire  boxes  of  the 
usual  form. 

The  distribution  of  interments  in  the  cemetery  brings  out  the  fact  that 
the  area  at  the  end  of  the  mound  due  northeast  of  the  pueblo  contained 
the  remains  of  the  well-to-do  members  of  the  tribe  placed  deep  in  the 
ground  and  surrounded  with  valuable  things,  while  on  the  outskirts 
the  poor  were  buried  in  shallow  earth  without  slabs  and  with  only  a 
broken  vessel  or  a  fragment  beside  them,  the  part  standing  for  the 
whole.  An  interment  in  the  favored  spot  may  be  described  as  typical 
of  a  burial  of  the  better  class.  After  removing  the  surface  soil,  clean 
earth  was  encountered  intentionally  mixed  with  fragments  of  charcoal. 
This  earth  was  quite  dry  and  solid  and,  had  not  charcoal  been  present, 
might  have  seemed  unfavorable.  At  6  feet  upright  stone  slabs  were 
encountered,  and  these  being  disengaged  and  lifted  out  were  found  to 
cover  a  rectangular  cist,  at  7  feet,  cut  out  in  the  side  wall  of  the  excava- 
tion, and  the  marks  of  a  wedge-pointed  tool,  probably  a  digging  stick, 
were  preserved  in  the  hard  white  marl.  The  cist  contained  a  skeleton 
at  length,  and  with  it  were  hundreds  of  small  beads  of  calcite  and 
olivella  shells,  a  shell  bracelet,  a  bone  awl,  fragments  of  pahos  and 
matting,  and  nine  pieces  of  pottery,  some  of  them  remarkably  fine  and 
unique  as  to  decoration.  (See  Plates  48,  49.)  Fragments  of  eagle  egg- 
shells were  also  taken  from  this  grave.  In  another  burial  a  rod  of 
wood  extended  the  whole  length  of  the  grave.  The  wood  was  decayed, 
but  the  object  was  evidently  a  bow.  In  the  cemetery  awls  of  bone, 
spherical  hammers  of  chalcedony,  arrow-shaft  smoothers,  and  smooth- 
ing stones  were  encountered.  Metates  were  few  in  number.  The 
absence  of  worked  stone  axes  and  the  scarcity  of  arrowheads  was 
notable.  Beads  and  ornaments  of  stone  and  shell,  iron  and  copper 
paint  were  common.  Corn,  squash  seed,  fragments  of  matting,  coiled 
basketry,  and  cord,  the  latter  apparently  of  yucca  fiber  knotted,  were 
secured  from  ruin  No.  1.  An  interesting  tablet  of  sandstone,  hav- 
ing a  rain-cloud  design  in  black  drawn  across  the  face,  was  excavated 
from  the  cemetery.  Such  tablets  are  rare.  (Plate  42,  fig.  2. )  The  pipes 
or  "cloud  blowers,"  twelve  in  number,  from  the  shrine  are  fine  exam- 
ples of  stonework.  (See  Plate  52,  figs.  7-9.)  An  awl  made  of  hard, 
dark  wood  with  carved  head,  from  this  cemetery,  is  unlike  any  other 
known  to  the  writer.  From  a  grave  near  the  concretion  shrine  the 
skull  of  a  dog  was  taken.  The  pottery,  which  was  abundant  in  this 
ruin,  will  be  considered  with  the  finds  from  the  whole  group  further 
on,  as  will  also  the  osteological  remains. 


312  REPORT    OF    NATIONAL    MUSEUM,  1901. 

Ruin  No.  #. — Two  hundred  }rards  southwest  of  No.  1  is  a  small  rec- 
tangular ruin  (Plate  40)  facing  a  little  south  of  east,  the  mound  higher 
on  the  west.  The  stone  is  gray  Triassic  sandstone,  brought  from 
buttes  2  miles  distant,  and  the  masonry  is  similar  to  that  of  No.  1. 
The  cemetery  is  on  the  east  side  and  is  small.  A  few  graves  exist  on 
the  bank  of  the  wash  to  the  west.  The  graves  are  deep,  the  ground 
rocky,  and  little  pottery  was  placed  with  the  dead.  The  ware  is  iden- 
tical with  that  from  other  ruins  of  this  group.  A  necklace  of  graded 
pectunculus  shells  with  carved  pendants  was  taken  out.  Chalcedony 
hammers,  smoothing  stones,  a  small  mortar  of  red  granite,  and  grind- 
ing stones  were  picked  up  on  the  surface.  A  lire  box  was  located  in 
the  corner  of  the  rectangular  court.  Seventy-five  feet  from  the  ruin 
is  an  altar  located  on  a  sand  ridge.  It  consists  of  two  bowlders  set 
together  near  a  section  of  fossil  wood,  Auricaryoxylon  arizonicum 
Knowlton,  brought  from  the  neighboring  forest.  One  bowlder  is  of 
red  granite,  16  inches  in  diameter,  and  the  other  a  spherule  of  dark 
sandstone,  9  inches  in  diameter." 

Ruin  No.  3. — Second  in  importance  and  in  some  ways  more  inter- 
esting than  the  others  of  the  group  is  ruin  No.  3,  located  on  a  rocky 
escarpment  above  a  basin  several  hundred  feet  deep,  excavated  in  the 
red  marl.  The  ruin  occupies  a  prominent  position  on  a  level  rock  plat- 
form, and  the  mound  is  better  defined  and  stands  higher  than  that  of 
the  other  villages.  A  few  junipers  grow  on  the  edge  of  the  cliff,  and 
on  the  mesa  may  be  seen  the  Cowania,  Lycium,  and  other  plants 
familiar  around  the  mesas  of  Tusayan.  The  ruin  is  oval  in  general 
outline,  the  north  end  approaches  a  half  circle,  the  west  side  is  straight, 
the  south  end  is  rounded,  while  the  west  wall  runs  in  a  northeasterly 
direction  (Plate  41).  The  highest  point  is  about  12  feet  at  the  center 
of  the  mound,  and  another  elevation  at  the  north  end  of  the  mound  is 
7  feet  above  the  base.  These  elevations  mark  the  location  of  the  high- 
est rooms  of  the  pueblo  when  it  was  in  repair.  From  the  shape  of 
the  ruins  it  appears  that  the  village  was  pyramidal,  the  cross  section 
at  the  highest  point  showing  nine  rooms.  On  the  northwest  a  portion 
of  the  walls  seems  to  have  fallen  en  masse  and  lies  buried  in  the  ground 
giving  the  appearance  of  a  pavement.  At  several  points  the  walls 
may  be  traced.  No  detached  houses  or  shrines  were  observed.  The 
rocks  below  the  edge  of  the  mesa  were  examined  f  or  pictographs  with- 
out success.     If  such  existed  formerly  they  were  weathered  out. 

The  cemeteiy  lies  to  the  northeast  of  the  pueblo,  where  the  soil 
composed  of  house  refuse  is  thick.  The  burials  were  under  sandstone 
slabs,  as  in  the  other  cemeteries.  It  must  be  mentioned  that  occa- 
sional slabs  were  encountered  in  these  ruins  having  circular  holes 
several  inches  in  diameter  cut  through  them.  A  remarkable  discov- 
ery was  made  in  the  cemetery  of  this  ruin.     In  the  midst  of  the  burials 

«See  Harper's  New  Monthly  Magazine,  March,  1902,  p.  899. 


ARCHEOLOGICAL    FIELD    WORK    IN    ARIZONA.  313 

the  workmen  came  upon  a  mass  of  broken  human  bones,  which  proved 
to  be  the  remains  of  three  individuals.  Some  of  the  bones  bore  traces 
of  fire,  and  there  was  no  evidence  that  with  them  had  been  interred 
any  organic  material;  moreover,  marks  of  the  implement  with  which 
the  bones  had  been  fractured  were  discernible.  Undoubtedly  here 
was  evidence  of  cannibalism,  but  as  the  find  is  unique  so  far  in  this 
region  it  probably  only  indicates  anthropophagy  from  necessity. 
Ceremonial  cannibalism  among  the  North  American  Indians  was  not 
unknown,  however,  as  references  in  the  early  writers  bear  witness. 

Near  this  ossuary  was  unearthed  the  skeleton  of  a  priest,  and  with 
him  a  remarkable  collection  of  the  implements  of  his  profession,  con- 
sisting of  polished  translucent  conoids  and  plates  of  worked  chalce- 
dony, cylinders  of  haematite,  tablets  of  lignite,  fossils,  crystals, 
concretions,  minerals,  paints,  bone  plates  and  tubes,  awls,  a  flint 
knife,  a  small  paint  pestle,  the  remains  of  a  bow,  etc.     (Plate  43.) 

This  find  is  important,  as  it  shows  a  class  of  articles  connected  with 
the  cult  of  the  Zuni  Indians.  a 

Ruin  No.  If  is  located  on  a  sand  ridge  between  Nos.  1  and  3.  It  is 
rectangular  in  plan  with  a  cross  wall  dividing  it  into  two  courts,  and 
in  the  center  of  each  court  there  is  a  depression.  The  south  end  of 
the  ruin  is  stepped,  giving  this  part  a  rounded  outline.  (Plate  44.) 
A  corner  room  10  feet  square  was  cleared  out  and  the  walls  exposed, 
showing  masonry  of  inferior  character.  The  west  side  of  the  mound 
is  high,  a  feature  noted  in  other  ruins  of  this  group.  To  the  north 
and  southeast  are  small  house  plans.  Excavation  in  the  cemetery  to 
the  east-northeast  of  the  pueblo  brought  to  light  no  features  of  differ- 
ence from  the  other  pueblos.  A  small  number  of  pieces  of  pottery, 
worked  stones,  beads,  etc. ,  and  some  skeletons  were  taken  out. 

1.  Artifacts — Pottery. — Red  ware  preponderates  in  the  Canj^on  Butte 
ruins  and  gray  rarely  occurs,  only  seven  pieces  all  told  coming  out,  so 
that  the  group  must  be  classified  with  those  furnishing  red  ware 
exclusively.  To  this  class  belong  the  other  ruins  on  the  Petrified 
Forest  Reserve,  the  neighboring  ruins  at  Adamana,  and  the  Milky 
Hollow,  with  the  exception  of  Stone  Axe  and  Metate  sites. 

For  convenience  of  treatment  the  red  ware  may  be  divided  into 
three  kinds,  namely,  (1)  rugose,  (2)  plain,  polished,  and  (3)  decorated. 
The  rugose  ware  comprises  coiled  vessels,  on  the  exterior  of  which 
the  coiling  has  a  decorative  treatment; h  that  is,  (a)  modeled  as  a 
smooth,  salient  ridge  forming  a  spiral  from  the  base  to  the  rim  of  the 
vessel  (Plate  45,  fig  2);  (b)  the  coiling  worked  in  such  a  way  as  to 
divert  the  attention  from  the  horizontal  coiling  lines,  giving  a  pleas- 
ing rough  effect  like  basketry  (Plate  45,  fig,  1),  and  in  some  cases  the 

«See  F.  H.  Cushing,  Zuni  Fetiches,  Second  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of 
American  Ethnology.  • 

&  W.  H.  Holmes,  Ornament  in  Ceramic  Art,  Fourth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau 
of  American  Ethnology. 


314  REPOBT    OF    NATIONAL    MUSEUM,   1901. 

surface  so  treated  has  been  polished  without  obliterating-  the  crests 
and  troughs  of  the  waves  (Plate  45,  fig.  3);  (c)  the  coils  flattened  down 
into  a  narrow  ribbon,  each  coil  imbricating  its  neighbor  below,  and 
(d)  fine  and  regular  coiling,  with  slight  indentations  on  the  coil  ridge 
(Plate  45,  fig. 4).  The  rugose  ware  is  frequently  decorated  on  the 
exterior  over  the  rough  surface  with  volutes  and  interlocking  frets  in 
white  pigment.  The  specimen  figured  on  Plate  46,  fig.  3,  is  the  finest 
example  of  its  kind,  a  type  hitherto  undescribed.  The  exterior  is  red 
and  the  interior  lustrous  black  like  that  of  the  Santa  Clara  ware.  The 
rugose  and  plain  bowls  have  all  polished  black  interior,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  one  specimen  (Plate  46,  fig.  1),  of  which  the  interior  is  polished 
red  bearing  geometric  decoration  in  black.  Coarse  black  cooking 
pots,  so  common  from  ruins  in  the  Pueblo  region,  are  almost  wanting 
in  the  Canyon  Butte  ruins. 

2.  Plain  ware. — - This  ware,  entirely  in  the  form  of  bowls,  offers 
little  variety.  The  interior  of  the  vessels  is  black  and  the  exterior 
red,  the  surface  showing  the  application  of  the  polishing  stone.  These 
bowls  are  numerous  and  are  from  medium  to  small  size.  One  small 
bowl  is  decorated  on  the  exterior  with  three  horizontal  lines.  A 
number  of  like  bowls  have  a  small  pit  in  the  center  of  the  bottom,  and 
it  is  surmised  that  these  holes  were  to  socket  the  lower  end  of  a  spindle. 
Such  bowls  are  used  in  Mexico  at  present  for  this  purpose/' 

3.  Decorated. — A  striking  series  of  bright  red  bowls  was  secured  in 
these  ruins.  These  bowls  are  very  large,  are  decorated  on  the  exterior 
rim  with  frets  in  white  (see  Plates  46  and  47)  and  on  the  interior  with 
geometric  patterns,  with  which  are  incorporated  conventional  symbols. 
The  stepped  rain  cloud  forms  the  burden  of  the  designs,  involving 
rain,  hail,  birds,  stars,  etc.,  and  perhaps  corn,  the  two  latter  occupy- 
ing panels  surrounded  by  the  geometric  designs.  One  bowl  shows  an 
interesting  pattern,  in  which  the  artist  seems  to  have  broken  away  from 
the  traditions  and  produced  a  design  of  exceptional  character  (Plate 
47,  fig.  2).  Two  unique  and  beautiful  bowls  from  a  cist  burial  in  ruin 
1  merit  especial  attention  (Plates  48  and  49).  The  exterior  is  yellow, 
on  which  an  ingenious  meander  pattern  in  red  is  traced;  the  interior 
is  of  a  deep,  rich  red,  having  a  -repeating  fret  pattern  inclosed  with 
bands  of  narrow  horizontal  lines,  cross-hatched  at  intervals,  painted  in 
black  on  the  surface;  the  bottom  as  in  the  other  bowls  left  plain. 
The  smaller  bowl  has  the  conventional  symbol  of  four  birds  on  the 
angles  of  a  square. 

A  few  pieces  of  red  ware  with  white  slipped  interior,  on  which  the 
design  is  painted  in  black  occur  here  (Plate  61,  fig.  2).  Some  have  white 
rim  decoration  and  in  others  the  rim  is  plain.  These  pieces  are  of  the 
Gila  type  described  from  Stone  Axe  ruin,  and  are  perhaps  imitations 
of  the  Gila  ware. 


«  J.  N.  Rose,  Contributions  from  the  U.  S.  National  Herbarium,  V,  1899,  p.  251. 


ARCHEOLOGICAL    FIELD    WORK    TN    ARIZONA.  315 

The  paste  of  the  liner  red  ware  is  of  selected  rlay  firing  to  a  brown- 
ish yellow  color.  This  was  covered  with  a  thick  slip  of  red;  the 
natural  color  of  the  paste  is  seen  on  the  exterior  of  the  bowls  figured 
in  Plate  48.  The  paste  of  the  rugose  vessels  and  plain  red  bowls  is 
coarse,  firing  to  dark  gra}^  on  fractured  edges.  Most  of  the  bowls  are 
slipped  with  red,  as  not  many  clays  give  a  good  body  color.  The 
paste  shows  no  admixture  of  pulverized  fragments  of  potteiy  as  does 
that  of  Zuni,  nothing  more  appearing  than  small  pebbles,  etc.,  which 
were  impurities  in  the  clay. 

4-.  Gray  ware. — From  a  cist  grave  in  ruin  1  is  a  large  deep  gray  bowl 
with  striking  ornamentation  on  the  interior  (Plate  50,  fig.  2).  The 
ornamentation  and  deep  form  of  this  bowl  are  unusual,  the  hatching 
of  the  design  is  like  Zuni.  There  is  no  exterior  decoration.  The 
paste  is  granular  with  small  quartz  pebbles.  The  vessel  has  been 
slipped  with  kaolin,  and  this  process  has  been  carried  out  on  the  other 
vessels  for  the  reason  that  a  better  finish  and  whiter  ware  may  be 
secured  by  clay  levigated  of  coarse  particles  in  water,  forming  slip 
or  wash.  Another  gray  bowl  of  thin  ware  with  paste  similar  to  the 
one  just  described  is  an  excellent  example  of  the  highest  skill  of  the 
potter  (Plate  50,  fig.  1).  The  pattern  is  a  fret  formed  of  small  trape- 
zoids produced  by  crossing  diagonally  accurately  drawn  lines,  giving 
the  effect  of  mosaic.  On  the  field  in  the  bottom  of  the  bowl  is  painted 
with  great  skill  a  frog.  The  frog  is  a  symbol  of  water  and  its  sym- 
bolic use  is  widely  diffused  in  the  Pueblo  region,  carved  in  shell, 
formed  in  clay,  worked  in  turquoise  mosaic  or  painted  on  pottery. 
The  treatment  of  the  frog  on  this  bowl  is  similar  to  that  on  the  ware 
of  the  Navajo  Springs  region,  of  which  an  example  was  collected  at 
Kintiel,  an  ancient  Zuni  ruin  32  miles  north  of  Navaho  Springs,  in 
1896,  by  Dr.  J.  Walter  Fewkes  and  the  writer. 

Mention  should  be  made  of  a  bowl  with  handle,  a  large  dipper  with 
rattle  handle  having  a  swastika  on  the  interior  of  the  bowl  surrounded 
with  a  wedge  design  and  a  small  oblong  vessel  with  square  orifice,  at 
the  four  angles  of  which  holes  are  drilled  for  the  cords,  terminating  in 
feathers,  which  are  tied  to  certain  ceremonial  vessels  of  the  Zuni  and 
Hopi/' 

The  presence  in  modern  pueblos  of  articles  of  pottery,  basketry, 
etc. ,  a  long  distance  from  their  place  of  origin  is  often  noted  and  is 
due  to  the  primitive  commerce  that  has  been  carried  on  from  tmie 
immemorial  among  the  pueblo  tribes.  Necessarily  from  the  perish- 
able nature  of  many  of  the  articles  of  trade,  excavations  in  the  ruins  do 
notoften  yield  instances  of  interchange.  An  interesting  example  was, 
however,  secured  in  the  Canyon  Butte  ruins  in  shape  of  a  handled 
vase  of  gray  ware  with  white  decoration   in  brown  on  the  body  and 

« J.  Walter  Fewkes,  Journal  of  American  Archeology  and  Ethnology,  IV,  p.  43, 
Boston,  1894. 


316  REPORT    OF    NATIONAL    MUSEUM,   1901. 

bird  tracks  around  the  neck  (Plate  51,  fig*.  1).  On  bringing  the  vase 
to  Washington  and  comparing  it  with  a  specimen  in  the  National 
Museum  from  St.  Johns  (Plate  51,  fig.  2),  the  pieces  are  found  to 
be  similar  in  every  respect,  so  that  it  could  be  affirmed  that  the  same 
potter  made  them  and  that  subsequently  they  are  separated  60  miles. 
A  modern  vessel  from  Zuni  (Plate  51,  fig.  3),  shows  relationship  to 
the  vases  described. 

The  skeletons  in  the  cemeteries  of  the  Canyon  Butte  ruins  were 
found  to  be  in  a  poor  state  of  preservation,  so  that  only  a  few  crania 
and  skeletons  could  be  secured.  From  a  cursory  examination  of  the 
bones  it  would  seem  that  the  people  differed  little,  if  any,  from  the 
brachycephalic,  short-statured  inhabitants  of  the  Pueblo  region.  The 
material  will  be  studied  by  an  expert  and  the  results  presented  in  a 
monograph. 

About  2i  miles  north  of  the  Canyon  Butte  group,  near  a  high  point 
on  the  rim  of  the  Puerco,  was  found  a  stone  box  set  in  the  ground 
filled  with  a  cement  of  puddled  earth,  mixed  with  charcoal  and  ashes, 
enveloping  the  bones  of  young  turkeys.  This  seems  to  be  a  shrine, 
and  is  the  only  one  of  the  kind  known  to  the  writer,  and  may  afford  a 
clew  to  the  purpose  of  some  of  the  similar  isolated  boxes  which  are  of 
frequent  occurrence  in  the  pueblo  region.  These,  however,  may  be 
eagle  shrines  near  the  nesting  places  of  the  birds  of  prey,  so  impor- 
tant in  Pueblo  cults,  which  are  visited  at  present  by  the  Hopi,  the 
clans  laying  claim  to  the  eagles  of  the  localities  where  they  settled 
during  their  migrations. a  A  shrine  of  this  character  was  discovered 
at  Biddahoochee  by  the  writer  in  1901.  The  offerings  w#ere  water  in 
a  ceremonial  vase,  food,  and  prayer  sticks  placed  under  a  shelving 
rock  near  a  lava-capped  butte.  The  eagles  of  this  locality  are  claimed 
by  the  Lizard  clan.  While  the  turkey  is  a  venerated  bird,  it  does  not 
have  the  high  rank  accorded  to  the  eagle.  The  obvious  arrangement  of 
the  shrine  on  the  Puerco  rim  may  have  had  to  do  with  a  desire  or 
prayer  for  the  increase  of  turkeys. 

The  people  of  this  group  had  the  dog,  but  judging  by  the  bones 
picked  from  the  excavations  their  game  animals  were  the  deer,  turkey, 
and  rabbit. 

The  ancient  pipe  of  the  Pueblos  is  tubular,*  worked  of  pottery  or 
stone,  the  favorite  material  being  vesicular  lava.  Pipes  of  lava  are 
abundant  in  the  triangle  between  the  Puerco  and  Little  Colorado 
rivers,  just  within  the  boundary  of  the  range  of  clans  of  Zuni  culture, 
and  from  their  abundance  this  seems  to  be  the  type  region.  Tubular 
pottery  pipes,  and  occasionally  one  of  stone,  occur  sparingly  in  the 

a  See  the  interesting  paper  by  J.  Walter  Fewkes,  entitled  Property  Right  in  Eagles 
among  the  Hopi,  American  Anthropologist  (N.  13.),  II,  Oct. -Dec,  1900,  p.  690. 

6  See  Pipes  and  Smoking  Customs  of  the  American  Aborigines,  J.  D.  McGuire, 
Annual  Report,  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1897,  p.  378. 


ARCHEOLOGICAL    FIELD    WORK    IN    ARIZONA.  317 

ruins  of  Tusayan.  Larger  tubes  of  stone  of  similar  forms  to  the 
pipes  are  supposed  to  have  been  used  for  blowing  clouds  of  smoke  on 
sacred  meal  and  during  the  ceremonies  to  the  cardinal  points.  This 
must  have  been  attended  with  some  difficulty  in  practice.  The  smaller 
pipes  are  undoubtedly  designed  for  smoking.  In  many  of  those  from 
the  Petrified  Forest  region  a  definite  bowl  has  been  worked  out  (Plate 
52,  fig.  8);  a  number  show  an  hour-glass  section,  caused  by  boring 
from  either  end,  and  in  some  the  tube  is  smoothly  bored.  Forms  of 
these  pipes  are  shown  in  Plate  52,  figs.  7,  8,  and  9;  figs.  1  and  2  are 
from  Scorse  Ranch.  An  interesting  specimen  from  the  Milky  Wash 
ruin  shows  the  application  of  a  bone  stem  to  a  small  lava  pipe  bowl 
(Plate  52,  fig.  3).  The  stem  fits  snugly  against  a  septum  of  baked 
clay  inside  the  bore,  and  forms  the  bottom  of  the  bowl,  which  has 
been  cut  out  as  in  fig.  8.  Attention  is  particularly  called  to  this  fea- 
ture, as  the  use  of  a  stem  with  the  ancient  stone  tubular  pipe  has  not 
before  been  noted. 

Another  specimen  of  unique  form  is  from  the  Metate  ruin  (Plate 
52,  fig.  6).  The  material  is  of  the  fine-grained  reddish  sandstone  of 
the  region.  The  lower  end  of  the  pipe  has  been  worked  out  as  a  stem 
or  for  the  securing  of  a  wooden  stem,  as  in  the  pipes  of  the  Hupa 
Indians  of  California. 

The  Tusayan  pottery  pipes,  from  their  material,  offer  much  more 
latitude  in  construction  and  ornament  than  those  of  lava,  the  latter 
sometimes  showing  a  pit-shape  depression  or  a  row  of  such  pits  as 
decoration.  In  general  these  pipes  are  fusiform,  with  bowl  worked 
out  in  the  end  and  a  central  bore  opened  through  the  tube  with  a 
slender  stick  while  the  clay  is  green.  Frequently  these  pipes  are  dec- 
orated with  dark-brown  color.  Occasionally  the  tube  is  bent  slightly. 
The  specimen  (Plate  52,  fig.  5)  is  of  pottery,  extremely  well  made, 
and  polished,  the  color  dark  brown.  It  was  found  at  Awatobi  in  a 
vase  with  a  number  of  similar  specimens,  and  was  presented  by  Mr. 
Julius  Wetzler,  of  Holbrook,  Arizona.  The  squared  stem  and  globu- 
lar bowl  mark  a  greater  differentiation  than  is  observed  in  the  more 
ancient  tubular  forms.  The  pipes  of  clay  and  stone  used  by  the  Hopi 
in  their  ceremonies  at  present  show  a  variety  of  forms  from  the  simple 
tube  to  shapes  approximating  the  European  pipe.  Many  of  these 
pipes  are  curved  or  bent  to  as  great  an  angle  as  would  be  consistent 
with  punching  the  orifice  through  from  both  ends,  and  often  they  are 
modeled  in  the  shape  of  animals.  No  pipes  showing  this  degree  of 
elaboration  are  found  in  the  ancient  pueblo  ruins. 

ADAMANA. 

Near  Adamana  Station,  on  the  Santa  Fe  Railroad,  is  a  large  stone 
ruin  150  feet  square,  two  rooms  deep,  surrounding  an  open  court  hav- 
ing a  single  gateway  to  the  north.     The  scanty  debris  and  the  almost 


318  REPORT    OF    NATIONAL    MUSEUM,    1901. 

entire  absence  of  pottery  fragments  indicate  a  short  occupation  of  this 
pueblo.  On  the  rocks  under  the  mesa  near  by,  however,  is  one  of  the 
most  remarkable  galleries  of  petroglyphs  that  it  has  been  my  good  for- 
tune to  see.  The  designs  are  mostly  of  animals,  a  bird  with  long  bill 
occurring  frequently.     No  familiar  symbols  were  noted. 

METATE. 

Across  the  wash  from  the  Petrified  Bridge  is  a  ruin  covering  the 
apex  and  extending  about  halfway  down  the  flanks  of  a  conical  hill. 
The  houses  were  rectangular  and  were  built  of  lava  blocks.  The  hill 
bristles  with  oval  inclosures  and  lines  formed  b}^  setting  on  edge  large 
slabs  of  stone,  principally  those  worked  out  as  metates,  and  from  the 
number  of  these  objects  the  site  was  given  its  name.  The  ruin  is  badly 
washed  and  blown  out,-  and  it  was  not  thought  profitable  to  work  it,  but 
a  careful  examination  was  made,  a  little  excavation  prosecuted,  and  a 
number  of  specimens  gathered  from  the  surface  debris.  The  pottery  is 
of  coarse  texture  and  undecorated  except  by  lines  scratched  in  the  paste 
or  by  indentation  in  the  coil,  the  colors  gray-brown  and  black.  The 
former  inhabitants  were  workers  in  stone,  as  is  evidenced  by  the  pro- 
fusion of  such  relics  in  the  great  accumulations  of  debris  and  the  numer- 
ous metates  and  stone  battering  hammers.  Several  axes,  a  digging 
stone  of  chert,  and  the  half  of  a  tubular  pipe  of  curious  form  were 
picked  up.  The  metate  people  were  in  touch  with  primitive  com- 
merce, as  fragments  of  wristlets  cut  from  seashell  manifest. 

It  must  be  acknowledged  that  Metate  ruin  is  an  archaeological 
enigma  in  the  light  of  present  knowledge.  It  is  possible,  however, 
that  a  survey  of  the  ruins  in  the  Navaho  Springs  region,  where  pottery 
with  scratched  ornamentation  occurs,  would  clear  up  the  matter.  On 
weathered  sandstone  rocks  near  Metate  ruin  faint  petroglyphs  may  be 
traced. 

Three  small  ruins  on  the  bluff  above  Metate  ruin  belong,  from  the 
character  of  the  pottery  fragments,  with  the  Canyon  Butte  ruins  north 
of  the  forest. 

WOODRUFF. 

The  pyramidal  lava-covered  mass  called  Woodruff  or  Canyon  Butte, 
the  Mesa  Prieta  of  the  Mexicans,  a  prominent  landmark  over  a  wide 
region  in  northeastern  Arizona,  has  on  its  southern  terrace  a  remark- 
able series  of  circular  remains.  These  circular  platforms  are  from  50 
to  75  feet  in  diameter,  bordered  with  lava  blocks.  The  platforms  are 
level  and  smooth  and  have  no  traces  of  constructions  upon  them. 
Seventy  circles  were  counted  beginning  about  halfway  down  the  butte 
and  stretching  both  as  connected  and  disconnected  terraces  to  the  edge 
of  the  bluff  above  the  Lee  farm  house.     Near  the  northeast  end  of  the 


ARCHEOLOGICAL    FIELD    WORK    IN    ARIZONA.  319 

terrace,  judging  from  debris  there,  appear  to  have  been  habitations, 
but  no  walls  could  be  distinguished.  Building  stones  consisting  of 
blocks  of  basalt  are  abundant.  It  is  likely  that  the  stone  for  the  long 
wall  built  by  Mr.  Lee  to  inclose  his  goat  range  may  have  been  in  part 
taken  from  ruins.  Pottery  fragments  are  very  scarce  and  those  found 
are  of  the  coarsest  description  of  red  and  yellow  brown,  the  latter 
with  paste  containing  small  pebbles  resembling  that  of  cooking  ves- 
sels from  Tanner  Springs,  on  Le  Roux  Wash  (see  Map,  Plate  1).  A 
few  hammers  of  fossil  wood  were  seen.  It  is  said  that  the  numerous 
visitors  to  the  butte  are  responsible  for  the  paucity  of  surface  relics, 
which  is  no  doubt  true.  The  conclusions  as  to  the  pottery,  however, 
were  drawn  from  an  undisturbed  section  at  the  foot  of  the  butte  in 
the  house  javd  of  Mr.  Lee  where  several  skeletons  had  been  found. 

On  the  summit  of  Canyon  Butte  are"  remains  of  stone  houses,  the 
point  affording  an  extended  and  agreeable  view,  especially  over  the 
alfalfa  fields  of  Woodruff.  The  small  birds  carved  from  dark-blue 
steatite,  figured  by  Dr.  Walter  Fewkes/'  were  found  on  Woodruff 
Butte. 

Speaking  in  the  light  of  a  superficial  examination  of  these  ruins,  it 
seems  that  they  are  to  be  classed  with  the  garden  plots  so  common 
around  ruins  in  the  Southwest,  and  of  which  the  gardens  at  Zuni  and 
Walpi  are  familiar  modern  examples.  It  must  be  said,  however,  that 
the  labor  expended  in  grading  and  terracing  on  Woodruff  Butte  has 
been  enormous  for  what  at  present  seems  a  futile  effort.6 

MILKY  HOLLOW. 

To  the  east  of  the  Petrified  Forest,  about  9  miles,  is  a  ruin  located 
on  the  edge  of  Milky  Hollow  and  extending  in  a  narrow  strip  along 
the  edge  about  three-quarters  of  a  mile  (Plate  53).  The  village  is 
being  swept  down  into  the  Bad  Lands  and  much  of  it  has  disappeared, 
including  the  cemeteries.  The  houses  were  small  and  rudely  built, 
stone  being  very  scarce.  Pottery  fragments  are  scanty,  the  ware 
coarse  and  undecorated,  red,  gray,  and  black  in  color.  Stone  imple- 
ments, however,  exhibiting  excellent  workmanship,  are  abundant, 
such  as  metates,  small,  neatly-finished  mortars  of  granite,  limestone, 
and  quartzite;  stone  cups,  scrapers,  drills,  stone  balls,  and  a  hoe  of 
petrified  wood  among  the  rest.  Some  shell  ornaments  were  found  and 
two  small  lava  pipes  with  bone  stems  or  mouthpieces  (Plate  52,  fig.  3). 
These  pipes  and  mouthpieces  were  found  in  place  on  the  west  side  of 
the  ruin,  the  stems  with  the  bowls,  but  not  fitted  in  them.  On  adjust- 
ing the  stem  it  was  found  to  fit  accurately  against  a  ridge  of  burnt 

"Report,  Smithsonian  Institution,  1897,  p.  605,  pi.  in. 

6  There  is  a  tradition  that  when  the  Mormon  colonistc  of  Woodruff  were  putting 
in  their  first  dam  the  remains  of  a  former  dam  in  the  Little  Colorado  fame  to  light. 


320  REPORT    OF    NATIONAL    MUSEUM,    1901. 

clay  around  the  interior  of  the  bowl.  The  pipe  thus  resembles  in  form 
the  tubular  pipes  of  the  Hupa  Indians  of  California. a 

Strangely  enough,  the  ancients  of  Milky  Hollow  possessed  stoves, 
a  number  of  which  were  seen  near  the  house  groups.  They  consist  of 
two  slabs  of  stone  set  up  parallel  in  the  ground  about  8  inches  apart, 
and  across  one  end  at  right  angles  was  a  movable  slab  having  a  round 
hole  3  to  4  inches  in  diameter  cut  through  it.  No  cover  stone  was 
seen  in  place,  but  such  slab  usually  lay  close  by.  The  slabs  were  red- 
dened and  smoked  by  the  action  of  the  fire.  It  is  evident  that  the 
perforated  slab  was  an  arrangement  for  regulating  the  draft,  an 
essential  matter  in  open-air  fires  in  this  windy  region,  where  on  many 
days  the  camper  has  to  dig  a  pit  for  his  fire  and  throw  up  a  mound  of 
earth  to  the  leeward  in  order  to  reduce  the  difficulties  of  cooking. 
The  position  of  the  stoves  nea"r  the  houses  and  their  number  indicate 
that  they  were  for  domestic  purposes,  either  for  cooking  wafer  bread, 
in  the  manner  of  the  Hopi  and  Zuni,  or  as  a  primitive  andiron  on 
which  the  pots  could  be  conveniently  set.  Mrs.  M.  C.  Stevenson 
informs  me  that  the  Zuni  have  a  similar  device,  which  may  be  termed 
a  fire  altar. 

It  does  not  seem  possible  to  classify  the  people  of  Milky  Wash  ruin 
from  the  data  at  hand.  It  may  be  affirmed,  however,  that  they  were 
a  people  of  low  state  of  culture,  not  related  to  the  tribes  occupying 
the  known  pueblos  of  this  region,  unless  it  be  the  Metate  ruin. 

STONE  AXE. 

This  ruin,  so  named  from  the  number  of  actinolite  axes  found  on 
the  surface  by  cowboys,  lies  4i  miles  east  of  the  Central  Petrified 
Forest,  on  the  north  slope,  near  the  divide  between  the  Puerco  and 
Little  Colorado  rivers,  30  miles  east  of  Holbrook  (see  Map,  Plate  38). 
The  road  from  Adamana  to  Cart's  Tank  and  the  Long  H  Ranch 
passes  near  the  ruin,  and  the  Black  Knoll,  a  landscape  feature  of 
the  region,  stands  a  few  miles  from  it  to  the  north.  The  Milky 
Hollow  ruin  lies  4£  miles  to  the  east,  and  the  Metate  ruin,  oppo- 
site the  Petrified  Bridge,  an  equal  distance  to  the  west.  The  country 
is  high,  rolling  prairie,  draining  into  washes  leading  to  the  Puerco. 
The  elevations  are  sand  ridges  or  low  hills  showing  outcrop  of  Triassic 
fossils.  There  are  no  springs,  permanent  water  being  found  only 
below  the  bed  of  the  wash,  near  the  Petrified  Bridge.  After  a  rain 
storm,  water  stands  for  a  time  in  natural  mud-lined  reservoirs  in  the 
draws.  The  region  of  the  Stone  Axe  is  treeless,  and  there  is  little 
animal  life.  As  there  is  no  building  stone,  the  ruin  presents  only 
mounds  of  ill-defined  outline  on  the  point  of  a  ridge  between  two  small 
washes.    A  survey  of  the  ground  shows  four  rectangular  mounds  facing 

0  0,  T.  Mason,  The  Ray  Collection,  Report,  Smithsonian  Institution,  1886,  pi.  xvi. 


ARCHEOLOGICAL    FIELD    WORK    IN    ARIZONA.  321 

north,  grouped  around  throe  sides  of  a  plaza  (Plate  54).  Some  dis- 
tance to  the  south  on  the  sand  ridge  are  evidences  of  detached  houses. 
About  2£-  miles  to  the  southwest,  on  the  neighboring  ridge,  are  three 
small  village  sites  where  artifacts  are  different  from  those  in  Stone 
Axe  ruin.  The  winds  have  full  sweep  and  power.  The  loose  char- 
acter of  the  soil  renders  it  easily  displaced  by  the  infrequent  and 
often  torrential  rains,  and  by  these  agencies  many  of  the  ancient 
pueblos  of  this  locality  have  been  almost  swept  away.  In  some  cases 
the  obliteration  has  been  thorough.  Near  Stone  Axe  large  tanks  with 
hardpan  bottoms,  seemingly  excavated  by  human  agency,  were  found 
to  be  a  result  of  wind  action.  It  appears  that  wind  erosion  is  equal 
to  the  erosion  by  water  in  this  region.  Much  of  tt>e  surface  of  the 
former  mound  of  Stone  Axe  has  been  swept  away,  but  enough  remains 
to  render  it  probable  that  the  houses  were  formed  by  sinking  a  square 
hole  in  the  ground  to  the  depth  of  3  to  4  feet  and  throwing  the  earth 
up  around  it  to  make  low  walls.  The  roof  covering  was  probably  a 
thatch  of  brush  and  grass.  The  roof  in  this  region  was  required  more 
for  protection  from  the  sun's  rays  than  from  the  storm.  The  detached 
houses  to  the  south  of  the  pueblo  show  no  ground  plans.  Their  loca- 
tion was  indicated  by  the  presence  of  large  coiled  jars,  ornamented 
vases,  and  pottery  fragments  exposed  by  the  wind.  These  large  jars 
had  evidently  been  buried  in  the  ground  for  storage  of  water  as 
Castaneda  relates  of  the  Hopi.a 

Great  quantities  of  potshards  are  scattered  over  the  ruin  and  a 
number  of  stone  hammers,  metates,  and  hand  stones  lay  about.  Bits 
of  copper  paint  stone,  obsidian,  flint,  shell,  and  an  occasional  arrow 
point  rewarded  the  search.  The  pottery  fragments  on  the  surface 
show  ware  of  better  quality  and  decoration,  on  the  whole,  than  that 
excavated  in  the  cemeteries,  but  not  different  in  character. 

The  cemeteries,  three  in  number,  are  on  the  glacis  directly  in  front 
of  the  main  division  of  the  ruin  (see  plan,  Plate  54).  A  few  sporadic 
burials  exist  on  the  east  side.  The  burials  were  at  length,  with  heads 
usually  to  the  west,  at  a  depth  from  2  to  5  feet,  in  soil  mainly  of 
house  refuse,  and  the  skeletons  were  in  rather  good  condition.  From 
150  to  200  burials,  it  is  estimated,  were  made,  around  this  pueblo. 

It  was  customary  here  to  place  food  bowls,  vases,  cups,  and  other 
articles  of  potteiy  in  the  grave  near  the  head.  Many  of  the  graves 
contained  no  mortuary  objects  whatever,  which  is  unusual.  Shell 
beads,  ornaments  of  shell,  awls,  and  tubes  of  bone,  arrow-smoothing 
stones,  scrapers  and  knives  of  obsidian  and  chert,  red,  green,  yellow, 
and  black  paint  were  commonly  found,  also  fragments  of  mats,  coiled 
basketry,  and  pahos.  Clinging  to  one  skull  was  a  fragment  of  a 
mosaic  earring,  formed  of  oblong,  rectangular  plates  of  turquoise  set 

a  Fourteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology,  p.  490. 
NAT  MUS  1901 21 


322  REPORT    OF    NATIONAL    MUSEUM,   1901. 

on  a  tablet  of  wood;  beyond  this,  very  little  turquoise  came  to  light. 
The  collection  secured  here  was  small,  though  vTaried.  Of  stone,  there 
are  axes  of  actinolite  (Plate  55,  fig.  8),  a  material  prized  by  the  ancient 
Hopi  and  Zuni;  spherical  battering  hammers  of  fossil  wood;  rubbing 
stones  like  those  from  California  (Plate  55,  fig.  10);  arrow  smoothers 
of  lava  (Plate  55,  fig.  9)  and  limestone  (Plate  55,  fig.  7);  cylinders, 
disks,  and  spheres  of  sandstone  (Plate  55,  figs.  4,  5,  and  6),  probably 
used  in  games;  drills,  arrowheads,  and  knives  of  chalcedon}^  and  obsid- 
ian (Plate  55,  figs.  1,  2,  and  3);  and  tubular  pipes  of  lava.  Of  shell 
there  are  gorgets  of  different  shape  cut  from  large  shells  or  formed 
by  merely  polishing  and  perforating  a  sea  shell  (Plate  56,  figs.  1,  2,  3, 
5,  and  6);  a  few  olivella  beads  and  small  beads  of  cylindrical  form. 
Of  bone,  there  are  awls,  knives,  tubes,  and  notably  a  whistle  and  a 
notched  scapula,  the  former  of  eagle  wing  bone  (Plate  56,  fig.  2)  with 
a  hole  cut  through  the  wall  near  the  middle  where  a  small  lump  of 
pitch  was  inserted  into  the  canal  to  produce  a  sound  as  in  the  whistles 
of  the  Kiowas  and  other  plains'  tribes,  and  found  also  among  the 
present  Hopi.  The  notched  scapula  (Plate  56,  fig.  11)  is  from  the 
deer.  The  instrument  is  still  in  use  for  ceremonial  music  among  vari- 
ous existing  pueblos  and  tribes  of  northern  Mexico,  and  is  played  by 
laying  it  across  a  gourd  or  jar  and  scraping  the  notches  with  a  stick. a 

Some  obsidian  was  found  at  Stone  Axe,  but  no  arrowheads  or 
implements  of  this  material  were  seen.  Vesicular  lava  was  worked 
into  spheres,  cylinders,  and  pipes.  Fossil  wood  and  limestone  were 
employed  for  hammers,  scrapers,  axes,  arrowheads,  etc.  In  this  con- 
nection should  be  noticed  a  fragment  of  a  limestone  axe  having  scores 
on  the  side,  wThich  brings  to  mind  similar  specimens  from  Biddahoo- 
chee  and  Chevlon.  Metates  and  hand  stones  were  numerous  and  well 
worked  out,  the  material  being  red  and  gray  freestone. 

Green,  red,  yellow,  and  dark  brown  paint  stones,  the  latter  of  spec- 
ular iron  ore  used  by  the  Hopi  in  ceremonies,  were  collected. 

Remains  of  textiles  were  seen.  Fragments  of  pahos  were  observed 
during  the  excavations,  but  they  were  not  numerous. 

The  pottery  of  this  ruin  proves  very  interesting  and  gives  the  most 
important  indication  that  the  former  inhabitants  of  Stone  Axe  were 
related  to  the  Hopi.  This  fact  is  an  important  contribution  to  our 
knowledge  of  the  migration  of  this  people,  as  it  was  not  anticipated 
that  traces  of  them  would  be  found  in  this  region.  This  ruin  is  about 
70  miles  east  of  Homolobi,  a  group  of  Hopi  ruins  near  Winslow, 
explored  by  Dr.  Fewkes  and  the  writer  in  1896,  and  50  miles  southeast 
of  the  new  group  of  Hopi  ruins  near  Biddahoochee,  which  were  dis- 
covered by  the  writer  during  the  autumn  of  1901.     (See  p.  326.) 

The  pottery  presents  greater  variety  than  that  of  the  ancient  pueblos 
in  the  vicinity  of  the  Hopi  towns  of  Tusayan,  which  are  characterized 

o  Third  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology,  p.  394. 


AKCHE0L0G1CAL    FIELD    WORK    IN    ARIZONA.  323 

by  yellow  ware  of  unmixed  paste.  About  half  of  the  ware  is  of  the 
type  mentioned,  varying  in  shades  from  cream  to  orange,  the  decora- 
tion in  geometric  and  geometric-symbolical  or  symbolism  verging  on 
geometricism,  the  color  brown,  the  forms  bowTls,  vases,  and  dippers, 
the  bowls  having  exterior  rim  decorations.     (Plates  58  and  62.) 

Among  the  minor  articles  of  pottery  collected  are  spiral  relief  orna- 
ments which  had  been  used  in  decoration  (Plate  56,  figs.  7  and  9);  disks 
ground  from  pottery,  often  perforated  as  in  spindle  whorls  (Plate  56, 
fig.  8);  a  rectangular  fragment,  on  the  edge  of  which  teeth  like  a  comb 
have  been  cut  (Plate  56,  fig.  11);  a  fragment  of  a  globular  rattle,  per- 
forated, of  yellow  ware;  a  dipper  handle  with  rude  attempt  to  repre- 
sent an  animal;  scrapers;  oblong  tablets  ground  from  polychrome  ware 
in  shape  like  the  stone  ornaments,  etc.  From  the  small  ruins  2£  miles 
to  the  west  are  disks,  canteen  lugs,  etc.  It  was  observed  here  that 
cup-shaped  depressions  were  made  in  large  vessels  to  aid  the  grasp. 
This  feature  is  found  in  many  ruins  along  the  White  Mountains,  almost 
always  associated  with  gray  ware. 

The  collection  shows  a  number  of  bowls  of  red  ware  of  mixed  paste, 
slipped  on  the  interior  with  white,  upon  which  are  painted  subgeo- 
metric  designs  in  black;  very  few  of  these  specimens  have  rim  decora- 
tions. With  this  class  are  several  polychrome  vases,  one  quite  large 
(Plate  57),  the  body  of  mixed  paste  burning  light  red.  On  this  ground 
white  is  applied,  outlining  the  portions  of  the  design  that  are  intended 
to  be  red.  On  the  white  areas  portions  of  the  design  are  painted 
black.  In  some  instances  the  red  areas  are  intensified  with  a  wash  of 
deeper  red.  The  ware  just  described  is  of  Gila  type.  Similar  bowls 
have  been  found  in  the  rains  north  of  the  Petrified  Forest,  at  Four- 
mile,  Chaves  Pass,  Chevlon,  and  Homolobi,a  being  prevalent  in  the 
ruins  along  the  White  and  Mogollon  plateaux,  where  the  Gila  influ- 
ence is  strong,  and  occurring  sporadically  along  the  Little  Colorado 
and  Puerco  and  to  the  north  of  these  streams,  except  at  Stone  Axe, 
where  the  proportion  is  about  that  of  Four  Mile.  The  presence  at 
Stone  Axe  of  light  red  ware,  characteristically  decorated  with  narrow 
white  lines  breaking  the  field  into  irregular  wedges,  must  be  noted; 
also  thin  bowls  of  gray  paste  slipped  all  over  with  white  and  having 
sparse  decoration  in  dark  green  or  brown  enamel.  These  t}^pes  appear 
at  Chevlon,  Homolobi,  and  Biddahoochee,  and  W.  H.  Holmes  informs 
me  that  the  white  ware  occurs  at  Jemez,  on  the  Rio  Grande.  The 
ware  also  has  a  vivid  polychrome  decoration  of  green,  red,  and  white 
at  Stone  Axe;  only  fragments,  however,  were  secured.  (For  remarks 
on  distribution  of  pottery,  see  p.  354.) 

The  accompanying  plates  give  a  good  idea  of  the  color,  form,  and 
symbolism  of  the  pottery  from  this  important  ruin.  It  will  be  seen 
that  there  is  the  same  remarkable  variety  here  that  also  characterizes 

«  J.  W.  Fewkes,  Report,  Smithsonian  Institution,  1896. 


324  REPORT    OF    NATIONAL   MUSEUM,  1901. 

the  Homolobi,  Biddahoochee,  and  many  of  the  groups  south  of  the 
Little  Colorado,  in  contrast  with  the  uniformity  of  the  Northern  groups, 
where  gra}^  ware  abounds.  This  feature  goes  to  show  that  the  clans 
coming  from  the  South  passed  through  regions  inhabited  by  tribes  of 
different  culture  or  arts  and  in  the  course  of  the  migration  incorporated 
some  of  these  arts  with  their  own.  This  is  readily  accomplished  by 
clan  marriage,  since  most  of  the  arts,  notably  pottery  and  basketry, 
are  in  the  possession  of  the  women  and  are  therefore  readily  trans- 
ferred from  clan  to  clan,  provided  that  conservatism  does  not  fix  and 
require  artifacts  of  a  particular  class  within  the  clan  into  which  the 
woman  may  be  received.  Of  course  in  an  orderly  procedure  the 
woman  does  not  go  to  live  with  her  husband's  clan,  but  the  opposite; 
still  at  present  it  is  known  that  there  are  exceptions  to  this  rule.  On 
the  whole,  the  accessions  by  which  arts  are  carried  from  one  clan  to 
another  would  be  by  families.  Thus  the  pottery  of  Gila  type,  which 
is  equal  in  amount  here  with  that  of  the  yellow  or  Tusayan  type,  might 
represent  the  artifacts  of  an  element  from  the  Upper  Gila  and  the 
yellow  that  of  the  Asa  clan,  which  migrated  from  the  Rio  Grande  to 
Tusayan  by  way  of  Zuni.  While  this  is  conjectural,  the  symbolism 
on  the  yellow  ware  resembles  that  of  the  Jettyto  Valley  ruins,  and  the 
yellow  ware  alone  bears  symbolism  of  this  character. 

Typical  specimens  of  this  class  of  pottery  are  shown  in  Plates  58 
and  59,  while  brownish  yellow,  also  of  this  class,  is  shown  on  Plate  60. 
The  color  of  the  decoration  is  dark  brown,  and  only  in  the  case  of  the 
bowl  with  symbolism  (Plate  60,  fig.  2)  is  red  used  in  connection  with 
the  brown. 

Several  vases  of  an  ancient  Hopi  form  were  collected.  The  specimen 
figured  (Plate  58,  fig.  2)  has  a  decoration  in  red-brown  around  the  body . 
A  bowl  of  fine  yellow  (Plate  58,  fig.  1)  is  rudely  decorated,  having 
irregular  patches  of  pigment  applied  with  no  system  on  the  interior; 
it  has  an  exterior  rim  decoration  of  unknown  meaning.  The  bowl 
(Plate  59,  fig.  1)  bears  a  geometric  decoration  involving  a  number  of 
bird  forms;  in  the  center  is  the  familiar  symbol  of  two  birds  with 
interlocking  beaks  adapted  to  a  square  figure.  Another  bowl  of  fine 
texture  (Plate  59,  fig.  2)  bears  on  the  interior  a  symbolic  design  sur- 
rounded with  the  "  life  line."  The  bowl  (Plate  60,  fig.  1)  is  decorated 
with  a  conventional  bird,  and  the  second  figure  on  this  plate  bears  a 
symbolic  design  representing  a  supernatural  being  in  the  style  of  the 
Katchina  figures  of  the  Hopi. 

The  ware  with  wash  of  white  and  decoration  in  enamel  (Plate  61,  fig. 
1)  bears  a  decoration  on  the  interior  of  three  interlocking  hook  forms 
which  seemingly  represent  tails  of  snakes.  A  set  of  two  zigzag  lines 
extend  around  the  exterior  rim  of  the  bowl;  the  space  between  these 
lines  is  often  filled  in  with  red.  The  second  figure  on  this  plate  is  a 
good  example  of  the  Gila  type  with  geometric  decoration.     On  the 


ARCHEOLOGICAL    FIELD    WORK    IN    ARIZONA.  325 

edge  of  the  rim  are  rows  of  small  white  marks,  usually  eight  in  each 
group;  there  is  no  decoration  on  the  exterior.  The  specimen  was*  up- 
turned when  placed  in  the  grave,  hence  it  is  well  preserved.  Moreover, 
it  was  perfectly  new  and  unused  when  buried. 

A  bowl  (Plate  02,  tig".  1)  of  yellow-brown  ware  shows  a  fine  arrange- 
ment of  a  complicated  geometric  design  in  which  there  are  numerous 
bird  forms.  These  may  be  traced  in  the  square  in  the  center  and  in 
wedge-shaped  sections  above  and  below.  The  rim  decoration  is  a  simple 
step  design  in  an  oblong  frame. 

The  second  figure  (Plate  62,  fig.  2)  is  a  perfect  specimen  of  a  rare 
decoration.  The  ware  is  light  red,  and  the  design  on  the  exterior  and 
interior  is  in  narrow  white  lines.  The '  home  of  this  style  of  ware  is 
not  known  to  the  writer,  but  examples  resembling  it  were  found  at 
Biddahoochee. 

A  small  vase  of  good  red  ware  (Plate  64,  fig.  1)  with  handle,  in  the 
form  of  an  animal  looking  into  the  vessel,  a  common  conceit  among 
the  ancient  pueblo  potters,  has  a  geometric  decoration  in  hatched  and 
solid  areas  in  dark  brown  color.  With  this  specimen  was  a  bowl  of 
fine  yellow  ware.  (See  Plate  58,  fig.  1.)  These  specimens  are  not 
related.  The  vase  should  belong  to  the  St.  John-Zuni  region,  while 
the  yellow  piece  belongs  to  the  special  area. in  Tusa}Tan. 

SMALL  SITES  NEAR  STONE  AXE. 

Another  vase  of  gray  ware  with  conventional  animal  handle  (Plate 
64,  fig.  2)  was  found  together  with  an  elegant  canteen,  now  in  the  Gates 
collection,  in  a  small  ruin  some  miles  to  the  west  of  Stone  Axe.  This 
vase  is  covered  with  a  well-executed  geometric  decoration,  the  motive 
being  terrace  figures  in  the  dual  hatched  and  solid  color.  A  red  bowl 
from  the  same  group  (Plate  63,  fig.  1)  shows  the  same  treatment.  The 
specimen  is  quite  similar  to  bowls  found  at  Forestdale,  Showlow,  Scorse 
Ranch,  and  Canyon  Butte.  It  has  no  exterior  decoration  in  common 
with  those  mentioned;  a  bowl  from  the  small  ruins  near  Stone  Axe, 
without  interior  decoration,  has  horizontal  bands  of  white  on  the  exte- 
rior. (Plate  63,  fig.  2.)  The  white  exterior  decoration  is  also  common 
to  the  ruins  mentioned  above. 

It  will  be  seen  that  Stone  Axe  ruin  presents  a  number  of  features  of 
great  interest  to  the  student  and  some  problems  which  may  be  solved 
when  we  come  to  know  more  of  the  ruined  pueblos  of  the  Southwest, 
multitudes  of  which  await  the  explorer. 

The  group  of  small  ruins  3  miles  southwest  of  Stone  Axe  furnished 
hard  gray  ware,  with  black  geometric  decoration,  soft  red  ware,  and 
coiled  ware  with  patterns  formed  by  punching  the  coil  ridges.  These 
data  affiliate  the  ruins  with  the  numerous  small  pueblos  scattered  along 
the  northern  side  of  the  White  Mountains,  apparently  belonging  to 


326  REPORT    OF    NATIONAL    MUSEUM,   1901. 

the  Upper  Salt  River  or  Zuni  type.  The  forms  in  gray  ware,  with 
geometric  decoration  in  black,  are  canteens  with  pierced  Jugs,  handled 
vases  with  tubular  necks,  large  flaring  bowls,  and  a  small  trilobed  cup. 
The  red  ware  was  found  only  in  form  of  bowls  of  incurved  or  slightly 
curved  wall  form,  the  decoration  in  black  sometimes  outlined  with 
white.  Numerous  pottery  and  stone  disks  were  found  on  the  surface, 
and  some  shell  ornaments,  a  spindle  whorl,  arrow  smoother,  etc.,  were 
picked  up.  Fragments  of  large  coiled  vessels  with  ornamentation 
formed  by  indenting  the  coil  ridges  were  common  here.  None  of  these 
ruins  showed  above  ten  rooms. 

Abundant  somatological  material  was  secured  from  Stone  Axe, 
consisting  of  crania,  skeletons,  and  parts  of  skeletons,  numbering  30 
entries.  The  skulls  are  brachycephalic  and  show  in  adults  occipital 
flattening.  The  skulls  of  children  do  not  present  this  feature.  It  is 
expected  that  this  material  will  be  described  by  a  competent  specialist 
when  comparison  ma}r  be  had  with  the  material  collected  b}'  Dr.  Fewkes 
and  myself  in  1896  and  1897  and  reported  on  by  Dr.  Hrdlicka.  Bones 
of  animals  brought  up  during  excavation  were  carefully  collected,  no 
mammals  larger  than  deer  and  antelope  being  noted.  A  portion  of 
the  skull  of  a  dog  was  found. 

As  mentioned,  the  affiliations  by  arts  of  the  Stone  Axe  people  seem 
to  be  with  the  clans  migrating  from  the  south  to  Tusayan,  which  form 
an  important  element  in  the  Hopi  complex.  The  stations  to  the  south 
in  this  case  have  not  been  located  as  yet.  The  next  stopping  place  to 
the  north,  I  believe,  was  Biddahoochee,  and  the  route  followed  was  by 
Carrizo  Creek,  which  enters  the  Puerco  a  few  miles  west  of  Adamana, 
up  this  wash  into  the  Le  Eoux  Valley,  and  across  into  the  valley  of 
the  Cottonwood,  8  miles  southeast  of  Biddahoochee.  (See  map, 
Plate  1.) 

The  large  stone  ruin  at  Adamana,  9  miles  northwest  of  Stone  Axe, 
does  not  seem  to  have  been  occupied  by  this  clan  (see  p.  317);  neither 
does  the  small  ruin  a  short  distance  north  of  the  Puerco,  near  Ada- 
mana. The  distance  to  the  Biddahoochee  group  is  about  25  to  30 
miles  by  the  route  indicated,  not  too  great  for  a  single  move,  longer 
migrations  having  been  noted  in  the  pueblo  region. 

HOPI   BUTTES  AND   MESAS. 

BIDDAHOOCHEE — CHAKPAHU — KOKOPNYAMA — KAWAIOKUH — PERIODS   OF   TUSAYAN 
WARE — AGE    OF   .TETTYTO    VALLEY    RUINS. 

BIDDAHOOCHEE. 

For  a  number  of  years  potter}^  has  been  coming  into  Hoi  brook  from 
the  north,  and  for  the  best  of  reasons  the  persons  collecting  pottery 
for  gain  were  indefinite  as  to  locations  until  the  spoils  had  been  gath- 
ered.    The  specimens  brought  in  were  usually  mixed  as  to  quality  and 


ARCHEOLOGICAL    FIELD    WORK    IN    ARIZONA.  327 

color  of  wares,  due  to  careless  methods  of  collection.  The  presence 
of  line  yellow  pottery  of  Hopi  type  in  these  mixed  lots  of  gray,  red, 
etc.,  led  the  writer  to  attempt  to  disentangle  the  problem  in  May, 
1901,  but  sand  storms  prevented  more  than  a  glance  at  a  few  ruins  on 
Le  Roux  Wash.  In  September,  after  the  close  of  work  with  the 
Museum-Gates  expedition,  the  thread  was  taken  up  again.  The  serv- 
ices of  Juan  Baca,  the  most  assiduous  ''pottery  digger"  of  this  region 
of  the  Southwest,  were  secured,  and  an  extensive  reconnoissance  was 
carried  out,  resulting  in  the  mapping  of  the  ruins  to  <±0  miles  north  of 
Holbrook.  (Plates  30  and  65.)  Plans  of  the  more  important  ruins 
were  made  (Plate  66),  photographs  taken,  some  pottery  and  pottery 
fragments  and  a  few  crania  collected. 

The  Cottonwood  Wash  ruins  are  scattered  about  in  an  area  of  per- 
haps 30  square  miles,  mostly  along  the  north  side  of  the  stream  east  and 
west  of  the  crossing  of  the  Holbrook-Keams  Canyon  road,  at  7  miles 
south  of  Biddahoochee.  (See  sketch  map,  Plate  65.)  From  this 
crossing  the  Cottonwood  runs  southwest,  entering  the  Little  Colorado 
near  Winslow.  The  upper  portion  of  the  stream  is  indefinite  on  the 
maps,  and  it  is  only  possible  to  say  that  the  wash  parallels  Le  Roux 
Wash  and  has  important  branches  from  the  north  among  the  Mold 
Buttes  on  the  6,000-foot  contour. 

The  first  ruin  examined  lies  on  the  level  plain,  4  or  5  miles  north- 
east of  the  buttes  between  which  the  Holbrook  road  passes.  The 
location  is  at  the  head  of  a  small,  narrow  canyon  running  north  to  the 
Cottonwood.  The  ruin  is  fairly  large  and  is  divided  into  two  sections 
by  the  canyon;  the  part  to  the  west  is  rectangular,  and  the  eastern 
section  is  roughly  circular.  A  seep  spring,  now  dry,  exists  in  the 
canyon  below  the  ruins.  The  labors  of  coyotes  and  other  animals 
digging  for  water  were  evident  here.  The  numerous  potshards  are 
mostly  of  fine  yellow  ware;  some  fragments  of  thin  red,  with  enamel 
decoration,  and  of  white,  with  green  enamel  decoration,  were  seen. 

Following  down  the  canyon  to  the  Cottonwood  Wash  and  going  west 
to  the  Navaho  hogans,  near  where  the  Holbrook  road  crosses,  a  large 
ruin  on  the  bluff  was  examined  and  sketched  (Plate  66).  The  ruin 
consists  of  a  quadrangle  on  the  level  at  the  top  of  the  bluff  and  a  pro- 
longation conforming  to  a  promontory  bounded  on  the  west  by  a 
deep  ravine.  From  the  number  of  human  bones  scattered  about  it  is 
evident  that  the  cemeteries  had  contained  many  burials.  The  pottery 
fragments  are  abundant  and  of  fine  quality  like  those  of  the  ruins  just 
described.  On  the  same  bluff,  not  far  away,  is  a  small  ruin  belonging 
to  this  group. 

The  Navahos  in  the  valley  have  impounded  the  waters  of  the  wash 
by  means  of  a  dam,  thus  securing  enough  water  to  last  for  several 
years.  Several  of  the  Indians  told  me  that  there  is  an  ancient  ruin  on 
the   summit  of  the   largfe  butte   across   the   vallev.     Lack   of   time 


328  REPORT    OF    NATIONAL    MUSEUM,   1901. 

rendered  it  impossible  to  verify  this  story.  There  is  every  reason  to 
believe  that  a  ruin  crowns  a  low,  block-shaped  butte  (Plate  67,  fig.  1) 
some  miles  to  the  west  of  the  ruins  just  described.  At  the  base  of 
this  butte,  near  a  Navaho  corral,  the  cemetery  has  been  excavated  (Plate 
67,  fig.  2).  The  ware  is  yellow,  red,  and  gray  and  not  of  the  finer 
class. 

Some  few  miles  down  the  wash,  on  the  southeast  front  of  a  large 
butte,  are  two  ruins  with  a  spring  in  a  gulch  between  them.  They  also 
show  ancient  Hopi  ware  and  were  rifled  several  years  ago. 

The  remaining  member  of  this  group  is  a  small  site  containing  six 
rooms,  lying  one-half  mile  south  of  the  first  butte  on  the  Holbrook  and 
Keams  Canyon  road. 

As  a  result  of  the  researches  in  this  locality  the  writer  was  able  to 
identify  the  specimens  in  the  Scorse  collection  at  Holbrook,  procured 
by  Juan  Baca.  In  view  of  the  interest  attaching  to  the  group  of 
ancient  Hopi  pueblos  examined  for  the  first  time,  the  purchase  of  these 
excellent  museum  specimens  was  recommended,  and  they  were  acquired 
by  the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology. 

While  the  typical  yellow  ware  characteristic  of  Tusayan  makes  up 
the  bulk  of  the  collection,  there  are  several  other  kinds  of  ware  that 
give  the  ruins  additional  interest  as  probably  denoting  the  union 
of  clans  of  differing  culture.  The  yellow  ware  of  Biddahoochee 
resembles  that  of  Homolobi,  collected  by  Dr.  J.  Walter  Fewkes  and 
the  writer."  It  has  fine,  homogeneous  paste,  varying  in  shade  from 
cream  color  to  orange.  One  specimen  (see  Plate  72,  fig.  2)  is  of  bright 
lemon  color.  It  is  necessary  to  class  the  earth  color  and  salmon  color 
ware  with  the  yellow.  The  decoration  is  in  dark  brown,  red  brown, 
and  light  brown.  The  designs  are  geometric,  of  great  variety  and  bold- 
ness, as  though  not  far  removed  from  the  original  naturalistic  concepts. 
Symbolism  like  that  of  the  pottery  found  near  Walpi  is  rare.  Brief 
symbols  are  the  arrow,  feather,  lightning,  birds,  corn,  and  the  butterfly, 
a  number  of  which  will  be  noted  in  the  plates  of  illustrations. 

The  forms  of  yellow  ware  are  bowls,  cups,  vases,  and  dippers,  the 
latter  often  with  animal  handles. 

Four  typical  yellow  bowls  are  shown  on  Plates  68  and  69.  Plate  68, 
fig.  1,  is  of  fine,  clear,  yellow  paste,  and  the  design  incorporates  several 
bird  forms.  The  second  figure  is  also  of  fine  yellow  paste;  the  design 
in  red  brown,  apparently  incorporates  snakes  or  lightning. 

Another  bowl  (Plate  69,  fig.  1)  of  ocher  yellow  has  a  geometric 
design  in  hachure  and  solid  color,  which  is  unusual  in  this  locality. 
The  remaining  bowl  (Plate  69,  fig.  2),  which  is  also  of  ocher  yellow, 
has  a  geometric  design  in  two  sections.  In  the  open  area  between  the 
sections  are  two  ftying  arrows. 


a 'In  a  forthcoming  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology. 


ARCHEOLOGICAL    FIELD    WORK    IN    ARIZONA.  329 

A  small  dipper  with  animal  handle  (Plate  70,  fig.  1)  has  a  design  on 
the  interior  representing  corn.  Another  dipper  with  animal  handle 
is  shown  (Plate  70,  fig.  2).  A  cup  of  fine  yellow  ware  (Plate  70,  fig.  3) 
has  an  unskillfully  drawn  decoration  on  the  body.  The  design  seems 
to  be  the  four- bird  symbol  arranged  in  a  band.  The  small  bowl  with 
handle  (Plate  70,  fig.  4)  is  a  fine  specimen,  exhibiting  a  geometric 
design  margined  with  white.  It  has  also  marks  in  sets  of  three  on 
the  rim,  a  feature  often  seen  on  vessels  from  the  southern  side  of  the 
basin  of  the  Little  Colorado  and  in  ruins  in  other  localities  yielding 
gray  or  red  ware. 

Five  interesting  vases  are  shown  on  Plates  71,  72,  and  73.  Plate  69, 
fig.  1,  is  decorated  with  conventional  birds,  and  the  second  figure 
bears  the  four-bird  symbol.  Vase  (Plate  72,  fig.  1),  has  a  decoration  of 
unknown  meaning;  the  design  is  margined  with  white.  The  remain- 
ing vase  (Plate  72,  fig.  2)  is  a  beautiful  specimen  of  lemon-yellow 
color,  with  elegant  geometric  decoration.  In  shape  this  vase  is  like 
the  best  specimens  from  Sikyatki  and  Jettyto  Valley.  The  vases  from 
these  ruins  are  generally  of  inferior  shape  to  those  from  the  Hopi  ruins 
to  the  north.  A  large  vase  (Plate  73),  of  rich  orange  color,  from  the 
Cottonwood  ruins,  bears  a  geometric  design  in  which  hachure  is 
employed. 

Three  unique  bowls  of  red  ware  belong  to  this  collection.  The  paste 
is  dark  on  fractured  edges,  but  where  it  is  exposed  to  the  fire  it  burns 
to  a  pure  brick  color.  The  largest  bowl  (Plate  74)  is  decorated  on  the 
interior,  consisting  of  three  segments  outlining  a  trefoil  area  in  the 
bottom  of  the  bowl.  The  exterior  walls  of  the  bowl  are  decorated 
with  frets  of  narrow  white  lines,  as  on  the  specimen  from  Stone  Axe. 
(See  Plate  62,  fig.  2.)  The  interior  decoration  is  in  dark  green  enamel. 
Another  bowl  (Plate  75,  fig.  2)  has  the  interior  covered  with  white 
kaolin  slip,  and  on  this  ground  were  painted  interlocking  frets  in 
bright  green  enamel.  The  exterior  is  red,  with  a  maze  fret  design 
in  narrow  white  lines.  In  one  section  the  space  between  the  lines  is 
filled  with  green  enamel.  The  bowl  is  a  brilliant  specimen  of  poly- 
chrome ware.  The  third  bowl  (Plate  75,  fig.  1)  is  one  of  the  most 
artistic  specimens  of  ancient  American  ceramics  known  to  the  writer. 
It  shows  remarkable  taste  in  its  design  and  execution.  The  bowl  is 
bright  red  in  color;  the  special  feature  of  its  decoration  is  a  zone 
of  white  around  the  walls  of  the  interior.  On  this  band  is  painted  a 
key  design  of  serrated  hooked  figures  (birds)  in  green  enamel.  The 
center  of  the  bottom  is  a  field  of  red.  The  exterior  of  the  bowl  also 
has  lozenge  designs  in  narrow  lines  of  white.  The  field  of  the  lozenge 
is  crossed  by  vertical  lines,  in  turn  crossed  by  short  bars. 

White  ware. — Another  remarkable  group  oiware  was  found  in  the 
Cottonwood  ruins.     This  consists  of  two  bowls  and  two  vases  of  fine 


330  REPORT    OF    NATIONAL    MUSEUM,   1901. 

white  paste,  well  finished  and  of  good  form.  (Plates  76  and  77.)  The 
decoration  is  in  enamel  leaf  green  and  dark  green  in  color,  except  in 
the  small  vase,  which  is  decorated  in  red.  The  enamel  is  like  that 
on  the  polychrome  ware.  The  white  ware  resembles  that  from  Stone 
Axe  in  the  Petrified  Forest  Reserve,  described  on  page  323,  which 
also  shows  a  similar  enamel  paint.  The  green  color  is  due  to  the 
presence  of  iron,  and  it  is  evident  that  the  pigment  was  applied  in  a 
pasty  condition  from  the  uneven  lines.  The  enamel,  on  fusing,  also 
spread  and  ran  into  lumps.  In  some  cases  the  enamel  has  affected  the 
ground,  producing  a  delicate  pink  margin  around  the  design.  I  am 
not  aware  of  the  process  employed  in  producing  this  enamel.  It  has 
been  suggested  that  the  ordinary  iron  pigment  may  have  been  mixed 
with  piny  on  gum. 

The  inner  wall  of  bowl  No.  212,329  (Plate  76,  fig.  1)  is  decorated 
with  a  zone  of  diagonal  frets  and  parallel  lines,  inclosed  in  bands  of 
horizontal  lines,  divided  at  intervals  by  square  areas  with  a  dot  in  the 
center.  The  exterior  has  two  double  rain -cloud  designs  and  another 
figure  of  unknown  meaning.  The  second  bowl  (Plate  76,  fig.  2)  has  a 
zone  of  frets  on  the  interior  and  on  the  exterior  four  "equidistant 
groups  of  stepped  lines  in  pairs.  The  texture  of  this  bowl  is  fine. 
The  unique  vase  (Plate  77,  fig.  2)  is  also  of  fine  texture.  The  design 
consists  of  three  figures,  representing  four  birds  on  the  corners  of  a 
quadrangle,  inclosing  two  diamond-shape  figures.  Around  the  neck 
are  alternate  pairs  of  vertical  and  horizontal  short  lines.  The  vase 
has  had  a  short  handle,  probably  an  animal  head,  projecting  from  the 
neck.  The  color  of  the  decoration  is  a  clear,  leaf-green  enamel,  with 
glazed  surface.  The  remaining  vase  (Plate  77,  fig.  1)  has  a  simple 
design  around  the  body  and  a  band  below  the  neck  in  soft  red  color. 

Gray  ware. — Some  of  the  specimens  of  gray  ware  resemble  those  of 
Scorse  Ranch.  In  general,  it  may  be  said  that  the  gray  ware  found 
in  the  ancient  Hopi  ruins  is  of  finer  quality  and  more  accurate  finish 
than  that  of  the  San  Juan.  The  design  and  forms  also  render  most  of 
the  ancient  Hopi  gray  ware  unmistakable. 

The  casual  observer  will  note  that  the  food  bowls,  for  instance,  are 
rarely  so  distorted  as  those  found  on  sites  furnishing  the  gray  and 
the  red  pottery  alone.  A  dipper  bowl  (Plate  78,  fig.  1)  bears  an  effect- 
ive design  in  lustrous  black.  The  vase  (Plate  78,  fig.  2)  is  remark- 
able both  for  its  elegant  form  and  the  handle  on  which  is  represented 
a  snake  with  head  bent  down  toward  the  interior  of  the  vase.  This 
specimen  has  been  overfired,  darkening  the  ground  and  design,  and 
rendering  the  paste  hard  as  stoneware.  It  will  be  noted  that  the 
design  is  in  hachure  and  solid  black.      (See  page  354.) 

A  number  of  small  fgrms  of  gray  ware  shown  are  excellent  examples 
of  this  type  of  pottery.     The  bird-form  vase  (Plate  79,  fig.  6)  combines 


ARCHEOLOGIOAL    FIELD    WORK    IN    ARIZONA.  331 

a  conventional  representation  of  the  bird  topography,  with  a  realistic 
treatment  in  the  modeling  of  the  tail.  The  small  cup,  shaped  like  a 
teacup  (Plate  79,  fig.  3),  is  of  thin  ware,  and  the  decoration  blends 
with  the  background  in  a  pleasing  manner.  Another  cup  (Plate  79, 
fig.  5)  is  of  a  form  found  over  a  wide  range  of  territory  in  northern 
New  Mexico  and  Arizona.  Two  almost  identical  specimens  are  found 
by  Dr.  Fewkes  and  the  writer  at  Homolobi.  The  ware  is  fine,  and 
the  decoration  blends  softly  into  the  ground.  One  of  the  finest  pieces 
is  the  four-lobed  vase  (Plate  79,  fig.  4),  with  a  pleasing  design  in  deep 
polished  black.  A  small  vase  (Plate  79,  fig.  2)  is  also  an  artistic  spec- 
imen, and  the  dipper  (Plate  79,  fig.  1)  is  of  the  customary  form. 

Some  of  the  finest  examples  of  coiled  ware  also  come  from  the  Bid- 
dahoochee  region.  Plate  80,  fig.  3,  shows  a  vase  of  good  workman- 
ship and  a  small  vase  of  diversified  pattern  (Plate  80,  figs.  1  and  2). 
This  is  the  best  piece  of  the  kind  that  has  come  to  my  notice.  The 
design  is  produced  by  alternate  plain  and  pinched  coils  beginning  at 
the  center  of  the  bottom  and  extending  to  the  lip,  and  shows  what 
may  be  done  in  the  artistic  treatment  of  the  coiling. 

A  number  of  stone  implements  are  in  this  collection.  These  consist 
of  grooved  stone  hammers,  the  material,  quartzite  (Plate  81,  fig.  1), 
ground  axes  of  basalt  (Plate  81,  figs.  1  and  2),  and  chert  knives,  drills, 
and  arrowheads. 

Ax  No.  212,407  (Plate  81,  fig.  1)  resembles  the  double-bitted  axes 
from  the  Jettyto  Valley  ruins.  Ax  No.  212,113  (Plate  81,  fig.  4)  is  of 
fine  white  crystalline  limestone  or  marble.  The  specimen  is  carefully 
finished  and  polished.  Four  scores  are  cut  on  the  surface  near  the 
groove  and  seven  small  pits  are  sunken  on  the  ridge  bounding  the 
planes  of  the  cutting  end.  There  is  every  evidence  that  the  unique 
specimen  was  ceremonial  in  character.  The  reader  is  referred  to  a 
double-bitted  ax  of  white  stone  found  by  Dr.  Fewkes  and  the  writer 
at  Chevlon,  which  also  has  four  scores  on  the  side.rt  A  bird  carved 
from  white  stone  is  also  a  fine  example  of  stone  carving. 
•  Shell  objects  were  quite  scarce  in  the  Cottonwood  ruins,  only  a 
fragment  of  a  pectunculus  shell  armlet  being  encountered.  Objects 
of  stone  and  pottery,  apparently  spindle  whorls,  are  in  the  collection. 
A  stone  disk  has  pits  on  either  side,  showing  that  boring  was  in 
process. 

it  is  gratifying  to  be  able  to  contribute  one  of  the  links  in  the  chain 
of  Hopi  migrations  from  the  Red  land  of  the  south  and  to  add  to  one 
of  the  best  pieces  of  archaeological  work  ever  done  in  the  Southwest. 
Reference  is  here  made  to  the  explorations  of  Dr.  J.  Walter  Fewkes 
in  the  years  1896  and  1897,  when  he  excavated  the  sites  of  the  ancient 
Raincloud  and  Lizard  clans  at  Chaves  Pass,  in  the  Mogollon  Moun- 

«  Report,  Smithsonian  Institution,  1896,  p.  537,  pi.  xlvii. 


332  REPORT    OF    NATIONAL    MUSEUM,   1901. 

tains,  at  Homolobi,  On  the  Little  Colorado  River,  near  Winslow,  Ari- 
zono,  2  degrees  south  of  the  present  villages  of  the  Hopi.  It  was  the 
good  fortune  of  the  writer  to  be  present  during  these  epoch-marking 
investigations. 

In  an  important  paper  °  by  Dr.  Fewkes  a  new  clew  to  the  migra- 
tions of  the  Hopi  clans,  based  on  the  ownership  of  eagle's  nests  situ- 
ated near  the  ancient  seats  of  the  clans,  has  been  presented.  The 
researches  of  Dr.  Fewkes  show  that  the  Lizard  clan,  who  migrated 
with  the  Raincloud  clan,  claim  the  eagle  nests  at  Biddahoochee.  It 
has  been  conclusively  shown  that  the  Raincloud  clan  settled  for  a 
time  at  Homolobi  and  that  the  Lizard  clan  located  near  them.  From 
the  character  of  the  artifacts,  especially  from  the  polychrome  ware  with 
green  decoration  like  that  on  Plate  75,  the  large  ruin  at  the  mouth  of 
Chevlon  Creek,  12  miles  east  from  the  Homolobi  group,  was  the  pueblo 
of  the  Lizard  clan,  which,  with  the  Raincloud  clan,  followed  the  nat- 
ural line  of  migration  northeast  along  Cottonwood  wash  to  Bidda- 
hoochee. Migration  follows  the  water  in  this  semiarid  region  and  the 
great  Cottonwood  wash,  which  with  greater  precipitation  would  be 
a  large  river,  offered  abundant  facilities  for  halting  and  putting  in  a 
crop  of  corn.  Perhaps  further  investigations  along  the  Cottonwood 
between  Winslow  and  Biddahoochee  will  reveal  halting  places  of  the 
clans.  To  the  Biddahoochee  focus  it  is  also  believed  that  the  clan 
from  Stone  Axe,  east  of  the  Petrified  Forest,  was  drawn,  and  the  proof 
also  rests  in  the  main  on  the  ware  mentioned.  (Compare  Plate  61 
with  Plate  76.) 

East  and  west  along  the  Moki  buttes  are  sites  yielding  gray  ware, 
which  was  probably  the  kind  of  pottery  made  by  the  northern  clans 
entering  into  the  Hopi  complex,  the  art  having  been  submerged  and 
lost  under  that  brought  from  the  south  and  east. 

The  upper  portion  of  the  Jettyto  Valley  lies  a  few  miles  southeast 
of  the  first  Hopi  mesa.  Its  trend  is  southwest,  paralleling  Keams  Can- 
yon, and  its  waters  find  their  way  into  the  Little  Colorado  near  the 
Cascade. 

The  valley  is  quite  deep  and  wide,  as  travelers  from  Holbrook  to 
Keams  Canyon  will  testify  from  experiences  in  crossing  it  and  climb- 
ing the  Keam  mesa.  The  north  side  of  the  valley  here  is  walled  by 
a  high,  abrupt  sandstone  mesa;  the  south  side  presents  gentler  con- 
tours, except  to  the  east,  where  the  head  branches  run  in  canvons. 
Navahos  off  the  reservation  have  undisputed  possession  of  the  valley 
and  their  hogans  and  corn  fields  are  frequent  along  the  wash.  A  num- 
ber of  very  large  ruins  are  situated  on  promontories  of  the  Keam 
mesa  overlooking  the  valley.  They  begin  at  the  Awatobi  mesa,  south- 
east of  Walpi,  and  extend  to  "  Mormon  John's"  spring,  2£  miles  east 

"Property  Right  in  Eagles  among  the  Hopi,  American  Anthropologist  (N.  S. ),  II, 
Oct. -Dec,  1900.    Also  Nineteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology,  Pt.  2. 


ARCHEOLOGICAL    FIELD    WORK    IN    ARIZONA.  333 

of  Keams  Canyon  School  (Plate  82).  Beginning  on  the  west,  the 
Hopi  name  the  ruins  Awatobi  (Great  and  Little),  Kawaiokuh,  Chak- 
pahu,  Nesheptanga,  and  Kokopnyama,  and  on  the  south  side  of  the 
valley,  opposite  the  latter,  Lululongturqui.  Several  smaller  ruins  are 
interspersed  among  the  larg*er  ruins,  principally  on  the  mesa  top  some 
distance  from  the  edge;  a  few  lie  on  the  southern  side  of  the  valley. 
The  cultivable  tracts  along  the  wash  are  strewn  with  potsherds. 

Previous  to  1901  the  only  Jettyto  ruin  scientifically  explored  was 
Awatobi,  excavated  by  Dr.  Fewkes,"  and  subsequently  by  Dr.  Frank 
Russell,  of  Harvard  University.  Plans  of  the  larger  ruins  on  the 
northwest  side  of  Jettyto  Valley  were  made  by  Victor  Mindeleff.6  His 
"Mishiptonga"  is  Kawaiokuh;  "Bat  House"  is  Chakpahu:  "Horn 
House"  is  Kokopnyama  wrongly  located;  "a  small  ruin  between  Horn 
House  and  Bat  House"  is  Nesheptanga.  The  ruin  south  of  Kokopny- 
ama, called  Lululongturqui,  is  not  described.  It  may  be  said  that  the 
examination  of  most  of  these  ruins  is  attended  with  hardships  because 
of  the  lack  of  water.  Awatobi  still  has  fine  springs,  and  this  fact, 
coupled  with  its  accessibility,  would  sooner  or  later  have  led  to  its 
excavation.  Water  can  be  had  within  1£  miles  from  Kokopnyama, 
also.  The  lack  of  water,  however,  has  not  prevented  the  Navaho 
tearing  the  Jettyto  ruins  to  pieces  in  search  of  pottery  for  the  trader. 

The  first  Jettyto  ruin  worked  by  the  Museum-Gates  expedition  was 
Kokopnyama,  a  Hopi  name  meaning  "firewood  people. "c  The 
Navaho  name  is  Delcalsacat,  "wild  gourd,"  and  the  name  given  it  by 
white  people  is  "Cottonwood  ruin,"  from  the  trees,  growing  in  one 
spot  near  by.  It  is  located  on  a  low,  easily  accessible  mesa  near 
Maupin's  store,  at  Mormon  John's  spring,  2^  miles  east  of  Keams  Can- 
yon School,  and  so  far  as  known  is  the  easternmost  of  the  Jettyto 
Valley  ruins  and  one  of  the  largest/ 

The  ruin  is  commandingly  located  on  the  mesa  top,  affording  an 
extensive  view  over  the  valley  below  and  over  the  country  toward 
Keams  Canyon  (Plate  83).  In  the  distance  the  Hopi  Buttes  fret  the 
horizon  with  their  remarkable  outlines.  Juniper  and  phvyon  trees  and 
an  occasional  oak  clothe  the  top  and  flanks  of  the  mesa.  Large  juni- 
pers grow  near  the  ruins,  but  no  trees  occupy  the  zone  of  habitation. 
The  location  of  the  ancient  spring  is  marked  by  four  cottonwood  trees 
growing  close  against  the  mesa;  much  digging  near  these  trees  has 
been  done  by  Navaho  in  a  futile  search  for  water.  Toward  the  val- 
ley the  zone  of  pottery  fragments  extends  for  more  than  a  mile,  and 

« Seventeenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology;  Report, 
Smithsonian  Institution,  1895;  American  Anthropologist,  Oct.,  1893. 

&  Eighth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology. 

cThis  name  refers  to  the  clans  which  lived  here  and  is  probably  not  the  ancient 
designation  of  the  village. 

<*For  Mindeleff's  plan  see  Eighth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology, 
pi.  vn,  and  brief  description,  p.  50. 


334  REPORT    OF    NATIONAL    MUSEUM,   1901. 

beneath  the  village,  heaped  up  against  the  mesa,  is  a  great  talus  of  house 
refuse.  To  the  east  of  the  site  are  sand  dunes  from  10  to  30  feet  high, 
among  which  fine  specimens  of  juniper  flourish.  Vegetation  is  scanty 
on  the  mesa,  Bigelovia  graveolens  protecting  Tradesccmtia  scopulorum 
and  other  small  herbs  from  browsing  animals.  On  the  talus  below  the 
mesa  the  customary  Hopi  berry  bushes,  Lycium  pallidum  and  Ribes 
cereum,  thrive. 

An  examination  of  Mindeleff's  plan  will  show  the  lack  of  order  in 
the  accretion  of  house  groups  going  to  make  up  this  pueblo,  due  in 
great  part  to  the  configuration  of  the  margin  of  the  mesa.  The  rear 
wall  is  the  only  uniform  feature;  the  intermediate  area  seems  to  have 
been  built  over  in  a  haphazard  manner. 

Portions  of  the  pueblo  were  formerly  at  least  four  stories  in  height 
above  the  spring  and  along  that  section.  Below  the  mesa  many  houses 
were  built  among  the  rocks,  where  excavation  exposed  walls  running 
irregularly  on  account  of  the  nature  of  the  ground.  Places  of  burial 
were  found  in  these  houses  and  under  the  rocks  and  in  crevices,  as  is 
now  customary  in  the  latter  case  at  the  Hopi  pueblos. 

No  walls  remain  standing  on  the  ruin,  and  there  are  no  traces  of 
house  beams. a  Excavation  in  the  rooms  showed  walls  rather  poorly 
built  of  coarse  soft  sandstone  laid  in  mud.  Many  of  the  rooms  were 
plastered. 

A  group  of  lower  rooms  7  feet  square  on  the  edge  of  the  mesa 
above  the  spring  and  having  the  mesa  as  a  floor  were  excavated.  The 
walls  were  chinked  with  small  stones;  the  fire  hole  was  on  the  floor  at 
the  southwest.  Small,  low  doors  or  openings  between  the  rooms  were 
noticed.  On  the  floor  lay  lumps  of  clay,  paint,  flat  mealing  stones, 
small  mortars,  etc.  The  pottery  in  these  rooms  was  altogether  gray 
and  red,  a  fact  to  be  noticed  later.  No  subterranean  kiva  could  be 
found  here  or  in  any  of  the  Jettyto  ruins  examined.  Such  kivas 
existed  at  Awatobi,  however. 

Scattered  over  the  surface  are  vast  numbers  of  potshards,  almost 
invariably  of  yellow  ware,  many  pieces  showing  interesting  symbolism. 
At  one  spot  near  the  edge  of  the  mesa  pottery  was  burned,  leaving 
heaps  of  cinders  and  ashes.  Lignite  was  used  as  fuel,  the  debris  filling 
the  houses  and  falling  below  the  mesa,  being  largely  composed  of  coal 
ashes  derived  from  burning  -'  bony"  lignite.  At  the  foot  of  the  mesa 
south  of  the  wash  is  a  vein  of  pure  coal  7  feet  thick,  and  at  this  point 
is  abundant  evidence  of  pottery  burning.  Some  fragments  of  vessels 
picked  up  had  clinkers  fused  to  the  surface,  and  specimens  of  pottery 
burned  to  the  hardness  of  stoneware  occurred  in  the  debris. 

On  a  bench  of  the  mesa  a  fire  box  was  seen  near  a  series  of  "gardens" 

a  A  number  of  beams  from  Awatobi  are  incorporated  in  the  houses  of  Hano  and 
Walpi.  Some  of  these  may  be  seen  in  Nampeo's  house  at  Hano.  They  were  secured 
by  her  husband,  Lesu. 


ARCHEOLOGICAL    FIELD    WORK    IN    ARIZONA.  335 

demarked  with  parallel  lines  of  large  stones.  A  small  cist  (Plate  84) 
was  discovered  in  the  cliff  and  photographed  by  Mr.  Gates.  This  had 
been  broken  Into,  and  there  is  now  no  means  of  ascertaining  its  pur- 
pose. The  cist  may  have  been  made  as  a  receptacle  for  cult  objects. 
A  single  pictograph  rewarded  the  search.  This  was  on  the  face  of  an 
immense  block  of  sandstone  fallen  from  the  rampart  of  the  mesa.  The 
pictograph,  which  apparently  represents  a  mask,  is  obscured  by  weath- 
ering, and  its  preservation  seems  to  be  owing  to  a  covering  of  lichen. 
The  cliffs  were  searched  for  shrines  without  results. 

Some  time  was  spent  in  the  endeavor  to  locate  the  cemetery.  The 
sand  dunes  200  yards  back  of  the  pueblo  seemed  favorable  from  the 
number  of  potshards  there,  but  nothing  was  found,  and  it  was  thought 
that  this  cemetery  had  been  destroyed  long  ago  by  the  moving  sand. 
It  appears  that  several  parties  of  prospectors  for  pottery  met  with 
disappointment  at  this  ruin.  The  main  talus  of  village  refuse  had 
been  untouched,  and  excavation  here  yielded  a  fair  collection,  which 
has  the  distinction  of  being  all  that  remains  to  tell  of  the  ancient 
inhabitants  of  the  pueblo  of  the  firewood  people. 

The  soil  of  the  talus  has  been  greatly  solidified  by  pressure,  the 
burials  often  showing  as  a  mere  narrow  band  of  organic  materials. 
Excavation  was  carried  on  by  running  a  trench  across  the  talus  and 
carefully  paring  off  the  face,  which  was  from  5  to  8  feet  high.  (Plate 
85.)  The  bodies  were  placed  with  the  head  to  the  northwest,  the  face 
toward  the  mesa,  the  legs  being  flexed.  Mats  were  wrapped  around 
the  body,  and  the  remains  of  coiled  and  wicker  baskets,  cord  of  hair, 
cloth  of  animal  fiber,  and  feather  textile  show  a  considerable  variety 
in  this  class.  Near  the  head  were  usually  found  lumps  of  gray  and 
yellow  clay,  red  and  yellow  paint,  and  a  flake  knife  of  flint;  the  pot- 
tery also  was  placed  around  the  head.  The  bones  were  extremely 
decayed,  and  in  most  cases  had  so  disintegrated  that  no  specimens 
could  be  saved.  In  one  burial  at  the  moment  of  uncovering  the  body 
by  the  falling  away  of  the  earth  a  skull  was  found  retaining  the  hair 
in  excellent  preservation,  tied  with  a  human  hair  cord  at  the  sides  of 
the  head.  (See  Plate  86.)  The  skull,  however,  fell  to  pieces  in  a  few 
minutes.  Small  balls  of  clay  like  marbles  were  found  in  the  graves. 
Beads  and  ornaments  were  almost  lacking,  and  only  one  small  oblong 
of  turquoise  was  encountered.  Pahos  also  were  not  seen.  Many  of 
the  burials  were  without  mortuary  offerings,  and  rarely  more  than 
three  pottery  vessels  were  taken  from  a  single  interment. 

The  pottery  is  yellow  and  as  a  rule  is  inferior  in  quality  to  the  frag- 
ments scattered  over  the  ruin.  In  deep  diggings  at  the  bottom  of 
the  talus  some  burials  had  only  gray  and  a  little  red  ware.  On  the 
slope  below  the  mesa  at  the  east  side  of  the  pueblo  in  indurated  sand 
at  a  depth  of  3  feet  were  found  four  pieces  of  black  and  white  ware, 
consisting  of  a  vase  with  animal  handle,  a  cooking  vessel  with  handle, 


336  REPORT    OF    NATIONAL    MUSEUM,   1901. 

a  cup,  and  bowl.  The  vase  contained  black  and  white  beads  of  stone 
and  shell,  tablets  of  red  stone,  and  pottery  ornaments  all  pierced  for 
stringing.  Parts  of  a  child's  skull  and  femur  were  found  near  by,  but 
no  bones  were  directly  associated  with  the  pottery,  and  extensive 
diggings  brought  to  light  no  other  burials  or  remains  at  this  place. 

Some  work  was  done  at  Nesheptanga,"  a  ruin  of  fair  size,  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Kokopnyama,  situated  on  the  mesa  about  100  yards 
from  Maupin's  store.  The  buildings  conform  to  the  mesa  edge  toward 
the  west  and  the  village  terminates  to  the  east  in  a  wall  crossing  the 
mesa.  Fragments  of  fine  yellow  pottery  are  scattered  over  the  ruin. 
Burials  were  made  among  the  rocks  in  debris  from  the  village.  The 
cemetery  among  the  rocks  below  the  mesa  had  been  dug  out  bj-  the 
Navaho,  and  few  specimens  remained.  Several  smaller  ruins  a  few 
miles  west  of  Nesheptanga  were  inspected.  One  of  these  of  good  size 
is  located  on  the  mesa  at  the  head  of  a  long  gulch  leading  into  the 
Jettyto  Valley.  The  ware  here  is  yellow  and  of  good  quality.  A 
smaller  ruin  in  the  same  neighborhood  showed  fragments  of  large 
napiform  vases  characteristic  of  Tusayan.  The  small  sites  showing 
gray  and  red  ware  presented  few  features  of  interest.  The  ware  is 
coarse,  and  it  is  apparent  that  the  inhabitants  were  poor.  The  pres- 
ence of  ruins  of  this  class  in  Tusayan,  however,  is  interesting.  (See 
p.  332.) 

The  ruin  called  Lululongturqui,  located  across  the  Jettyto  Valley 
from  Kokopnyama,  was  carefully  examined,  but  not  excavated.  It  is 
of  medium  size  and  has  a  commanding  situation  on  the  mesa.  The 
mound  stands  high,  and  the  village  plan  shows  a  rounded  outline, 
reminding  one  of  some  of  the  Canyon  Butte  ruins.  Adjoining  the 
village  in  the  north  quarter  are  many  oblong  garden  plots  bounded 
with  lines  of  stones.  It  is  an  interesting  fact  that  the  pottery  of  this 
ruin,  while  mostly  gray  and  light  red,  has  a  fair  proportion  of  fine 
yellow,  either  indicating  that  the  people  making  the  red  and  gray  ware 
were  contemporaneous  with  the  makers  of  yellow  ware  or  that  the  lat- 
ter supplanted  the  former.  Unfortunately  the  evidence  of  the  graves 
could  not  be  obtained.  The  Hopi  name  of  the  ruin  is  worthy  of 
remark.  Some  work  had  been  done  here  by  the  Navaho,  and  it 
appears  that  burials  had  been  disturbed  close  to  the  town  walls.  Two 
small  ruins  with  coarse  red  and  gra}r  ware  one-half  mile  east  of  this 
ruin  on  a  branch  of  the  Jettyto  Wash  were  visited.  These  ruins  had 
been  worked  b}^  the  Navaho  and  a  few  pieces  of  pottery  taken  out. 

CHAKPAKU. 

About  midway  between  Kokopnyama  and  Kawaiokuh  lies  a  very 
large  ruin  called  by  the  Hopi  "Chakpahu,"  Speaker  Spring.  It  is 
located  on  a  spur  of  the  mesa  and  overlooks  the  Jettyto  Vallej^  and  a 

«Mindeleff's  "small  ruin  between  Horn  House  and  Bat  House." 


ARCHEOLOGICAL    FIELD    WORK    IN    ARIZONA.  337 

deep  gorge  to  the  west.  The  ruin  was  surveyed  by  Victor  Mindeletf 
in  1885. a  The  prominent  features  of  the  ruin  are  the  defensive  wall 
and  the  great  court  or  plaza  which  overlooks  the  gorge.  No  walls  are 
standing,  and  the  house  plans  can  in  few  cases  be  traced  among  the 
mounds  of  rubbish.  Vast  quantities  of  potshards  are  mingled  with 
the  debris.  The  ware  is  of  the  finest  quality,  the  best  in  texture  and 
decoration  to  be  seen  on  any  ruin  in  Tusayan.  The  prevalence  of  frag- 
ments of  large  napiform  vases  at  Chakpahu  is  noteworthy.  The  shards 
are  bright  and  fresh  looking  as  though  recent.  Many  superb  speci- 
mens from  this  ruin  have  gone  into  the  various  collections  made  by 
Mr.  T.  V.  Keam.  The  cemeteries,  which  were  in  the  debris  between 
the  houses  and  the  mesa,  have  been  rifled  by  Navaho.  In  1893  the 
spring  below  the  mesa  was  dug  out  by  the  Navaho,  and  many  vases 
and  vessels  of  various  forms,  like  those  found  by  the  Museum-Gates 
expedition  at  Kawaiokuh,  were  encountered.  A  short  account  of  this 
find,  with  illustration,  was  published  by  James  Mooney.6 

A  ruin  furnishing  yellow  ware  is  said  to  exist  on  the  south  side  of 
the  valley,  nearly  opposite  Chakpahu,  where  Maupin^s  new  road 
descends  the  mesa.  The  ruin  was  not  seen,  but  some  specimens  were 
bought  of  Navaho,  one  a  canteen  in  yellow  ware,  with  ancient  deco- 
rations, and  shaped  like  those  used  by  the  Hopi. 

KOKOPNYAMA. 

Theie  is  at  Kokopnyama,  as  may  be  expected,  a  preponderance  of 
useful  forms  in  pottery,  represented  by  bowls,  vases,  dippers,  cups, 
and  cooking  utensils.  Large  water  vases,  with  rugose  surface,  without 
decoration,  are  also  represented  here,  but  in  limited  numbers.  The 
concave  disks  of  pottery,  with  holes  punched  around  the  edge,  are 
almost  lacking  at  Kokopnj^ama.  It  is  conjectured  that  these  objects 
may  have  been  used  as  revolving  rests  for  ware  during  the  process  of 
manufacture,  as  are  the  tabipi  or  bottom  forms,  employed  by  the  pot- 
ters of  Hano  at  present.  A  portion  of  this  customary  imperforated 
disk,  with  clay  still  attached  to  the  concave  surface,  was  found  in  this 
ruin. 

A  vessel  of  very  thick  ware,  showing  traces  of  fire,  is  believed  to 
have  been  a  brazier,  in  which  coals  were  kept  alight.  I  have  observed 
such  vessels  in  use  among  the  Zuni. 

Small  objects  of  pottery  were  somewhat  numerous,  such  as  toy  cups 
and  bowls,  frequently  unbaked  and  showing  the  touches  of  childish 
fingers;  a  rattle  with  perforated  globe,  clay  balls,  toy  dippers,  and  a 
number  of  animal  handles  representing  the  wildcat,  badger,  mountain 
sheep,  wolf,  etc.     One  of  thes'e,  probably  a  wolf,  is  covered  with  a 

«  Eighth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  Ethnology,  p.  52  (map  faces  p.  26). 
&  American  Anthropologist,  July,  1893,  p.  283, 

NAT  MUS  1901 22 


838  REPORT    OF    NATIONAL    MUSEUM,   1901. 

thick  enamel  caused  by  fusing  in  the  lire  at  great  heat.  A  few  disks 
worked  from  pottery  fragments,  and  a  fragment  bearing  the  lug  of  a 
canteen  reground  in  the  shape  of  a  frog,  were  encountered.  Spiral 
applique  ornaments  for  potter}^  like  those  on  Zuni  cooking  pots,  were 
used  here,  as  fragments  attest.  It  is  worthy  of  remark  that  the  minor 
works  of  pottery  mentioned  are  fewer  and  somewhat  ruder  than  those 
found  in  the  ruins  to  the  west. 

Objects  of  shell  are  extremely  rare  in  this  ruin,  a  few  unworked 
bits,  a  fragment  of  a  large  armlet,  and  a  few  conus  and  olivella  beads 
being  the  sum  total  secured. 

Worked  bone  is  also  scarce,  with  the  exception  of  small  awls.  A 
few  bone  beads,  small  tubes,  and  a  rib  knife  were  taken  from  the 
excavations. 

Stone  implements  are  numerous  here.  Flint  cores,  arrowheads, 
knives,  scrapers,  flakes,  and  drills  represent  objects  and  materials  of 
chippable  stone.  The  workmanship,  however,  i^  poor.  Spherical  ham- 
mer stones,  grooved  hammers,  an  ax  hammer,  a  simple  grooved  ax  with 
poll,  and  a  double-bitt  ax  were  taken  out.  A  sandstone  upon  which  are 
grooves  made  in  sharpening  paho  sticks,  arrow  smoothers,  rubbing 
stones,  small  mortars  and  pestles,  and  pottery  polishing  stones  were 
collected.  Fragments  of  hand  stones  for  grinding  corn  were  seen,  but 
no  flat  grinding  stones  were  found  in  place  in  the  rooms  and  very  few 
were  observed  on  the  surface,  though  undoubtedly  they  were  in  con- 
stant use.  The  absence  of  surface  relics  of  this  character  is  due  to 
the  proximity  of  these  ruins  to  the  inhabited  pueblos,  who  find  use  for 
many  things  abandoned  by  the  ancients. 

Several  stone  spheres,  of  a  size  suitable  for  club  heads  and  probably 
originally  put  to  that  use,  were  secured. 

Ironstone  concretions  of  many  interesting  forms  weathered  out  of 
the  sandstone  ledges  are  scattered  in  the  debris  of  this  ruin.  A  few 
in  the  collection  have  been  worked  in  improvement  of  the  suggestive 
natural  form.  These  usually  take  the  shape  of  miniature,  well-finished 
cups.  A  curious  toy  grooved  hammer  of  sandstone,  painted  red,  was 
taken  from  the  debris  of  a  room. 

Ornaments  were  made  from  a  white  limestone  and  a  fine-grained 
clay  stone  of  good  red  color.  Thin  disks  of  the  latter  stone,  with  per- 
foration near  the  edge  for  suspension,  are  numerous.  Turquoise  was 
practically  absent  at  Kokopnyama.  Two  fragments  of  tubular  pipes 
were  secured,  one  of  beautifully  banded  stone  and  the  other  of  pot- 
ter}'. Selenite  fragments  were  scattered  through  the  debris,  also  a 
few  chips  of  obsidian  and  chalcedony  like  that  of  the  Petrified  Forest. 

Of  pigments,  numerous  examples  occur  at  Kokopnyama.  The 
most  abundant  is  a  dark  red  derived  from  the  "bone"  in  burnt  lig- 
nite and  from  the  clay  stone  used  for  ornaments;  yellow  occuis  as 
yellow  ocher  and  ociierish  clays,  green  as  copper  carbonate  and  arena- 


ARCHEOLOGICAL    FIELD    WORK    IN    ARIZONA.  339 

ceous  clay,  and  white  from  decomposed  chalky  limestone.  Several 
fragments  of  dark  brown  iron  ore  showing  marks  of  rubbing  are 
examples  of  the  stone  used  by  potters  for  the  brown  pigment. 

Bones  of  small  animals  were  very  scarce  in  the  debris.  Those 
found  were  principally  of  the  two  species  of  rabbit.  Bones  of  the 
dog,  fox,  eagle,  and  turkey  were  also  observed. 

Numerous  specimens  of  textiles  were  discovered  in  the  cemetery 
during  the  excavations  at  Kokopnyama.  Matting  of  twilled  weaving 
was  commonly  employed  to  envelop  the  body  preparatory  to  burial. 
In  contact  with  the  body  also  was  found  a  very  interesting  textile,  if 
so  it  may  be  called,  but  more  resembling  a  rather  thick  felt  of  downy 
feathers,  presumably  of  the  eagle.  This  cloth  was  usualty  found  on 
the  face  of  the  dead  and  is  never  of  large  extent.  It  may  have  been 
a  mask  of  down  for  which  cotton  was  substituted  at  a  later  period. 
Dr  Fewkes  mentions  mortuary  masks  of  cotton  as  having  been  tradi- 
tionally used  by  the  Hopi.  In  one  instance  a  twisted  two-strand  cord 
of  hair  still  binding  masses  of  hair  was  found.  (Plate  86,  figs.  1  and  2.) 
A  number  of  specimens  of  coiled  and  wicker  basketry  were  taken  out. 
(Plate  87.)  The  coiled  basket  is  of  close,  fine  work,  and  will  be 
described  by  Professor  Mason  in  his  forthcoming  work  on  basketry. 
The  wicker  basketry  is  of  the  ordinary  type  at  present  made  at  Oraibi. 
Several  knots  tied  in  yucca-leaf  strips  are  shown  in  Plate  97,  fig.  2. 
A  thick  lock  of  hair  bound  with  yucca  and  saturated  at  the  basal  end 
with  red  pigment,  is  thought  to  have  been  a  brush,  perhaps  a  brush 
for  producing  spatter  work  on  pottery. 

Beans  of  a  long  variety,  corn,  and  squash  seed  and  indistinguishable 
remains  of  food  were  found  with  the  dead. 

The  absence  of  fetishes  of  worked  stone  is  not  unusual  in  the  ruins 
of  northeastern  Arizona,  but  the  absence  of  pahos  with  the  interments 
at  Kokopnyama  is  remarkable.  It  must  not  be  said,  however,  that 
the  Kokop  people  did  not  employ  pahos,  for  the  most  important  ceme- 
tery, which  has  either  been  swept  away  or  is  yet  undiscovered,  may 
have  contained  them.  Still,  the  lack  of  pahos  with  the  burials  in  the 
extensive  ash  talus  of  the  pueblos  must  be  taken  as  positive  evidence, 
proving  a  considerable  variance  from  the  neighboring  pueblos  to  the 
west  in  this  respect. 

KAWAIOKUH. 

This  very  large  ruin  is  situated  much  as  Chakpahu,  on  the  top  of 
the  mesa  between  two  gorges.  It  lies  a  short  distance  to  the  west  of 
the  Keams  Canyon  road,  where  it  reaches  the  level  of  the  mesa,  2  or  3 
miles  above  Jetty  to  Spring  at  the  "Rock  House."  (See  Plate  82.) 
Communication  is  rather  easy  over  the  level  mesa  to  Awatobi,  near 
which  is  a  Hopi  settlement  around  a  fine  spring. 

Kawaiokuh  has  a  commanding  position,  giving  an  extended  view  up 


340  EEPORT    OF   NATIONAL   MUSEUM,   1901. 

and  down  the  Jetty  to  Valley.  (Plate  88.)  Juniper  trees  come  close  to 
the  ruin  and  are  abundant  on  the  mesa,  not  having  been  consumed  for 
fuel,  as  near  the  present  Hopi  towns.  This  is  due,  perhaps,  to  the 
use  of  lignite  at  Kawaiokuh.  During  the  winter  the  Navaho  move  up 
from  the  valley  to  their  hogans  among  the  junipers,  where  fuel  is  con- 
venient and  snow  furnishes  water.  Many  varieties  of  plants  grow  on 
the  mesa,  which  at  this  elevation  (6,200  feet)  assumes  the  aspect  of  the 
White  Mountain  slopes. 

In  the  gorges  below  the  ruin  are  seen  springs  which  hold  out  for 
some  time  into  the  dry  season.  Jettyto  spring  issuing  from  the  shales 
at  the  base  of  the  mesa  is  permanent,  and  no  doubt  furnished  water 
for  Kawaiokuh,  though  at  the  cost  of  much  labor  in  bringing  it  up  to 
the  pueblo. 

The  front  of  the  village  was  built  close  to  the  edge  of  the  mesa, 
though  enough  space  was  left  for  passage  around.  The  rear  of  the 
village  is  comparatively  straight. a  The  houses  near  the  edge  of  the 
mesa  were  several  stories  in  height,  and  some  of  the  rooms  were  large 
and  well  plastered  with  red  clay  mixed  with  sand.  The  walls  of  a 
room  excavated  were  covered  with  numerous  coats  of  plaster,  on  the 
surface  of  which  various  designs  had  been  painted  in  color.  (Plate 
89.)  The  floors  were  broad  slabs  of  flagstone.  The  masonry  is  of 
small  cubes  of  sandstone  laid  in  mud  and  shows  inferior  workmanship 
like  that  of  the  present  pueblos.  No  scattering  houses  were  to  be  seen 
around  the  pueblo  nor  were  there  traces  of  shrines  or  pictographs. 

On  the  bench  below  the  cliff  a  pottery-burning  place  was  discovered, 
and  by  carefully  removing  the  layers  of  soil  the  bed  on  which  the  pot- 
tery was  set  up  was  exposed.  (Plate  90,  fig.  1.)  This  layer  was  made 
up  of  ashes  mainly  composed  of  the  slaty  portions  of  the  lignite  burn- 
ing white  or  red.  There  were  bits  of  white  sandstone  also,  and  char- 
coal of  twigs  and  stones.  Near  this  spot  was  unearthed  a  heap  of 
fragments  of  vessels  broken  in  firing.     (Plate  90,  fig.  2.) 

Kawaiokuh  has  been  devastated  in  a  thorough  manner  by  the  Navaho, 
and  there  was  grievous  evidence  that  their  wasteful  methods  had 
destroyed  far  more  than  was  saved.  The  burials  in  which  the  finest 
ware  had  been  placed  were  found  in  the  debris  among  the  rocks  at  the 
foot  of  the  cliff  and  extended  entirely  around  the  front  of  the  pueblo. 
The  slope  at  the  west  side  of  the  village  above  the  gorge  had  also  been 
an  important  cemetery.  There  is  no  cemetery  at  a  distance  from  the 
pueblo,  as  at  Awatobi,  and  it  appears  that  the  latter  pueblo  is  unique  in 
this  respect  among  the  related  Jettyto  ruins. 

After  numerous  trial  excavations  it  was  determined  to  clear  out  one 
of  the  higher  house  masses  on  the  edge  of  the  mesa.  Very  soon  in 
the  course  of  this  work  it  was  discovered  that  the  front  rooms  had 
been  devoted  to  burials  and  eventually  a  considerable  collection  of  pot- 

«See  Mindeleff's  plan,  Eighth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology. 


ARCHEOLOGICAL    FIELD    WORK    IN    ARIZONA.  341 

tery,  etc.,  was  taken  out.  As  many  as  eight  interments  had  been  made 
in  one  room  at  different  levels.  (Plate  91.)  A  large  coiled  jar,  sealed 
with  clay  and  having  the  rim  of  a  fine  vase  luted  on,  was  unearthed 
beneath  the  stone  floor  of  a  room.  (Plate  92.)  The  jar  contained  only 
a  quantity  of  clean  sand  in  pellets,  the  grains  loosely  cohering  in 
globular  form  as  though  arranged  by  some  obscure  natural  process. 
This  deposit  was  perhaps  of  sand  for  ceremonial  purposes.  Offerings 
of  corn,  beans,  cotton  seed,  etc.,  accompanied  these  burials.  The 
skeletons  were  decayed  beyond  preservation.  The  burials  below  the 
mesa  held  the  ware  of  the  finer  class  almost  exclusively,  so  far  as  could 
be  ascertained  from  the  fragments  of  beautiful  texture  and  design  left 
by  the  Navaho  around  their  excavations.  A  few  interments  that  had 
escaped  the  Navaho  were  encountered  during  the  work.  Mats  of 
yucca  strips  were  wrapped  around  the  bodies  and  these  placed  on 
wicker  trays  or  constructions  of  small  twigs.  Food  offerings  of  young 
corn  ears  and  bread  were  placed  on  coiled  baskets  and  numerous  elab- 
orate pahos  arranged  around  the  body.  It  seems  plain  that  the  impor- 
tant cemetery  was  at  this  location,  and  it  is  regrettable  that  so  little 
remained  where  there  had  been  so  much  valuable  scientific  material. 
With  the  specimens  from  the  house  cemeter}T,  however,  and  those 
from  the  excavations  in  the  debris  and  from  the  surface  of  the  ruin  a 
considerable  collection  was  formed,  containing  many  interesting 
objects. 

In  the  neighborhood  of  Kawaiokuh  are  several  small  ruins  yielding 
gray  ware,  a  specimen  of  which  is  shown  on  Plate  95,  fig.  1.  While 
in  camp  here  a  Navaho  brought  in  two  fine  pieces  of  this  class  from  a 
ruin,  described  as  large,  in  the  Moki  Buttes,  about  25  miles  distant. 
One  of  these  pieces  is  a  large  globular  vase  well  decorated. 

Artifacts,  Kawaiokuh. — The  remark  as  to  the  useful  forms  of  pot- 
tery vessels  at  Kokopnyama  applies  also  to  this  ruin.  A  greater  num- 
ber of  specimens  were  collected  at  Kawaiokuh  than  at  the  former  site, 
and  as  noted  the  aesthetic  ware  is  more  abundant;  likewise,  there  are 
many  small  objects  of  different  classes  showing  that  the  potters'  art 
was  quite  diversified  in  this  pueblo. 

In  detail,  attention  may  be  called  to  a  small  vessel  in  form  of  a 
frog;  the  ware  is  fine  yellow,  and  the  modeling  is  aided  by  decoration 
in  dark  brown  (Plate  93,  fig.  1).  Another  of  this  class  is  a  vase  in 
form  of  a  parroquet,  of  excellent  workmanship  and  decoration  (Plate 
94).  A  vase  of  gourd  form  also  displays  much  taste,  and  a  vase  of 
the  oriental  " pilgrims'  gourd"  shape,  a  form  rare  in  this  region,  is 
represented  in  the  collection.  An  oblong  canteen  form,  from  which 
the  handles  have  been  broken,  bears  a  symbolic  decoration  on  the 
sides,  and  at  the  ends  conventionalized  faces.  (Plate  93,  fig.  3.)  A 
well-formed  dipper  in  perfect  preservation  is  shown  in  Plate  93,  fig.  2. 

A  vase  of  gray  ware  with  spiral  decorations  on  the  shoulder  (Plate 


342  REPORT    OF    NATIONAL    MUSEUM,   1901. 

95,  fig.  2)  was  taken  from  the  house  cemetery  at  Kawaiokuh.  The 
ware  is  remarkably  thin,  so  much  so  as  to  raise  the  question  whether 
the  vessel  could  have  been  made  by  coiling,  and  yet  there  seems  to  be 
no  alternative. 

A  bowl,  one  of  several,  of  salmon  color  (see  Plate  100,  fig.  2)  must  be 
mentioned.  The  paste  is  dense  and  of  the  same  fine  character  of  the 
ware  from  this  region ;  it  is  probable  that  to  produce  this  color  either 
a  little  yellow  ocher  was  added  to  the  clay  or  the  clay  was  selected  for 
the  purpose.  In  either  case  the  bowls  have  the  look  of  strangers 
amidst  the  fine  ceramics  of  Kawaiokuh;  especially  is  this  remarked 
when  one  considers  the  rudely  drawn  design  in  brown  bordered  with 
white,  a  st}4e  extremely  rare  in  ancient  Hopi  pottery,  where  white  is 
not  a  potter's  pigment.  White-margined  decoration  is  found  at  Hon- 
olobi,  and  in  many  of  the  ruins  along  the  White  Mountain  plateau  it 
is  common.  Possibly  the  woman  who  made  these  bowls  was  following 
the  traditions  of  the  potters  of  her  clan,  which  may  not  have  been 
represented  at  Kawaiokuh  except  by  herself. 

The  fancy  of  the  potter  was  expressed  in  many  small  works,  as  in 
the  handles  of  the  cups  and  vases,  which  often  represent  animals  with 
accuracy  and  again  with  grotesque  or  humorous  treatment.  The  han- 
dle of  a  cup  (Plate  93,  fig.  4)  is  an  example  of  the  latter.  By  setting 
the  mouth  of  the  animal  at  an  angle  a  peculiarly  whimsical  expression 
was  produced  by  the  artist.  Figurines  of  a  dog  going  on  three  legs 
(Plate  96,  fig.  12)  and  of  the  same  animal  apparently  curled  up  in 
sleeping  posture  were  found.  Ornaments  in  shape  of  birds  perforated 
for  wearing  are  frequent.  (Plate  96,  fig.  11.)  One  of  these  in  the 
collection  is  a  superior  piece  of  modeling;  the  tail  and  extended  wings 
are  vaned  by  notches  pressed  in  the  clay  and  the  body  is  decorated. 
(Plate  96,  fig.  9.)  Small  ornaments  in  shape  and  decoration  designed 
to  imitate  shells  are  also  frequent.     (Plate  96,  figs.  7,  8,  and  10.) 

Pottery  bells  like  those  found  by  Dr.  J.  Walter  Fewkes  at  Awatobi05 
and  first  described  by  him  from  this  region  are  somewhat  numerous 
here.  They  are  hollow  spheres,  having  a  narrow  aperture  like  the 
sleigh  bell,  and  as  to  devices  for  fastening  to  a  cord  or  to  garments 
are  of  two  classes;  one  with  a  perforated  tang,  and  the  other  having 
a  pair  of  holes  opposite  the  aperture.  One  of  these  specimens  retains 
the  pellet  of  clay  forming  the  sounder  and  on  being  shaken  produces 
an  agreeable  tinkling  sound.  These  bells  are  undoubtedly  of  aborigi- 
nal manufacture.6 

«  Seventeenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology,  p.  629. 

&  During  a  meeting  of  the  Anthropological  Society  of  Washington,  at  which  the 
results  of  the  Museum-Gates  expedition  of  1901  were  presented,  the  question  of  the 
aboriginal  origin  of  the  so-called  hawkbell  was  canvassed,  the  evidence  presented 
going  to  show  that  such  bells  are  prehistoric  on  the  American  Continent,  although 
at  an  early  date  bells  of  a  similar  form  were  articles  of  trade,  being  in  universal 
demand  by  the  native  tribes  and  scarce  with  them  at  any  period. 


ARCHEOLOGICAL    FIELD    WORK    IN    ARIZONA.  343 

Toy  potteiy  vessels  are  plentiful,  representing  vases,  eups,  dippers, 
and  bowls;  one  in  form  of  a  gourd,  and  one  miniature  vase  of  gray 
ware  of  excellent  form  and  finish  should  be  mentioned.  A  pottery 
object  in  form  of  a  hollow  cone,  with  perforations  around  the  base,  is 
supposed  to  have  been  used  as  the  nose  of  a  mask.  Several  tubular 
pipes  (see  Plate  52,  fig.  4)  were  taken  out. 

Hundreds  of  fragments  of  the  concave  disks  of  rude  pottery  with 
perforations  around  the  edge,  indicating  a  diameter  of  from  8  to  12 
inches,  were  seen  in  the  debris.     (See  p.  337.) 

Among  the  pottery  objects  found  at  Kawaiokuh  is  a  fragment  of  a 
thick  rectangular  slab,  with  two  shallow  saucers  in  the  upper  surface. 
From  traces  of  adhering  color,  this  was  no  doubt  used  for  mixing 
paint. 

Stone  working  at  Kawaiokuh  had  not  reached  by  many  degrees  the 
perfection  attained  in  clay  working.  This  remark  is  true  for 'the  whole 
Pueblo  region,  where  the  worked  stone  is  much  inferior  to  that  of  the 
ancient  inhabitants  of  Ohio.  Still,  in  the  Pueblo  region,  there  was 
considerable  variation  in  workmanship  among  the  different  tribes  and 
also  in  some  lines,  as  in  mosaic  and  bead  making  there  was  great  pro- 
ficiency. It  must  be  said  that  for  careless  and  crude  manufacture  of 
stone  implements,  the  tribes  going  to  form  the  Hopi  complex  were 
among  the  first,  though  on  the  other  hand  quite  a  variety  of  imple- 
ments, ornaments,  etc.,  were  fashioned  of  stone. 

The  primitive  spherical  hand  hammer  is  common  at  Kawaiokuh, 
where  it  was  employed,  no  doubt,  for  battering  corn  mills,  etc.,  as  it  is 
among  the  present  pueblos,  where  the  writer  has  observed  it  in  use.a 
Grooved  hammers  of  different  sizes  are  also  found.  The  large  grooved 
hammers  seem  to  have  been  used  in  wood  gathering;  they  are  some- 
times met  with  among  the  juniper  trees  at  a  distance  from  villages. 
Axes,  sometimes  double-bitted,  had  their  principal  use  also  in  getting 
out  beams  and  chopping  wood.  Occasionally  ceremonial  implements 
in  the  form  of  highly  polished  axes  and  hammers  of  actinolite,  a  beau- 
tiful and  much-prized  stone,  are  picken  up  on  the  ruins.  Two  fine 
specimens  of  this  character  were  secured  from  Sa-a-la-ko,  the  chief 
Snake  woman  of  the  Hopi,  mother  of  the  leader  of  the  snake  fraternity 
of  Walpi.  Aside  from  actinolite,  the  material  of  hammers  and  axes 
is  chert,  sandstone,  and  basalt  of  inferior  quality. 

The  arrow  smoothers  from  this  locality  were  made  by  securing  a 
suitable  piece  of  stone,  dressing  down  a  face,  and  making  a  groove 
across  it.  The  materials  are  coarse  and  fine  sandstone,  clay  stone, 
and  soapstone.  This  implement  must  be  divided  in  two  classes,  one 
in  which  the  arrow-shaft  was  smoothed  by  attrition,  and  the  other  in 
which  when  the  stone  was  heated  the  shafts  were  straightened.  In 
the  latter  class  often  a  companion  stone,  also  grooved,  was  placed  over 

"American  Anthropologist,  X,  June,  1897,  p.  191. 


344  REPORT    OF   NATIONAL    MUSEUM,  1901. 

the  shaft  and  the  latter  drawn  to  and  fro  through  the  channel.  Small 
cup-shape  mortars  of  coarse  sandstone  were  found  at  Kawaiokuh  and 
a  slab  of  fine-grain  sandstone  with  shallow  cavity  in  which  iron  paint 
had  been  triturated.  Pottery-smoothing  stones  are  numerous,  and 
small  slabs  of  fine  grit  wood  opal,  used  presumably  in  stone  working, 
were  picked  up.  There  were  also  cylinders  of  coarse  stone,  probably 
employed  as  rasps. 

Ornaments  in  form  of  round  and  oblong  tablets  of  red-clay  stone 
like  that  used  at  Kokopnyama  are  shown  (Plate  96,  figs.  1-3).  A 
drilled  tablet  of  buff  limestone  is  also  shown  (Plate  96,  fig.  4).  A 
small  object  of  hematite,  neatly  carved  to  represent  a  wolf  and  having 
a  hole  drilled  through  it  for  suspension,  is  probablv  a  fetish  (Plate 
96,  fig.  6). 

The  arrowheads  at  this  site  differ  very  much  in  size  from  slender 
specimens  three-fourths  of  an  inch  in  length  to  those  2J  inches  in 
length.  Many  of  them  are  serrated;  such  arrowheads  are  common 
in  northeastern  Arizona.  The  materials  are  various  —chert,  quartzite, 
quartz,  agate,  jasper,  obsidian,  and  chalcedony.  A  number  of  knives 
were  collected,  mostly  rudery  chipped,  though  some  show  rather  good 
work.  Scrapers  consisting  of  irregular  spalls  of  chert,  chalcedony, 
and  obsidian  worked  on  one  edge  are  numerous.  Obsidian  is  more 
plentiful  at  Kawaiokuh  than  at  the  neighboring  ruins.  Several  per- 
fectly formed  chips  found  in  the  debris  are  believed  to  have  been 
used  as  minature  mirrors.  The  Navaho  are  familiar  with  such  use 
of  obsidian  flakes. 

No  crystals  of  quartz  commonly  found  in  the  pueblo  ruins  were 
observed  at  Kawaiokuh.  A  few  beads  of  fine  turquoise  were  picked 
up  in  the  debris,  but  no  specimens  were  placed  in  the  graves. 

Several  chipped  fragments  of  vitreous  stone,  some  of  which  seem  to 
have  been  fused,  were  thought  to  be  artificial,  or  rather  to  have  been 
produced  by  accident  in  burning  pottery  at  a  high  heat.a  We  have 
seen  that  fused  masses  of  green  enamel  sometimes  occur  on  fragments 
of  pottery  among  the  ashes  at  the  pottery-burning  places,  and  suggest 
that  the  people  of  Kawaiokuh  were  near  to  the  independent  discovery 
of  glass. 

Objects  of  shell  are  comparatively  few  at  Kawaiokuh,  although 
there  is  much  more  here  than  at  Kokopnyama.  Among  the  specimens 
secured  were  a  fragment  of  shell  pendant,  a  fragment  of  amulet  drilled 
for  a  pendant,  conus  and  olivella  tinklers,  a  small  circlet  cut  from  a 
pectunculus  shell,  and  a  circular  ornament  with  scalloped  edge  having 
a  hole  cut  through  the  center. 

Small  bone  awls  like  those  used  by  the  Hopi  for  basket  work  and 
sewing  are  common.  Tubes  of  bird  bone  and  of  a  few  deer  bones  cut 
off  with  flint  were  collected.     One  of  these  tubes  has  a  hole  cut  through 

«  This  mass  has  been  tested  by  Dr.  George  P.  Merrill  and  is  found  to  be  a  slag. 


ARCHEOLOGICAL    FIELD    WORK    IN    ARIZONA.  345 

the  wall  near  one  end  and  was  probably  made  for  a  whistle.  The  tips 
of  an  antler  and  several  other  bones  appear  to  have  been  employed  in 
flint  chipping.  A  circular  ornament  cut  from  the  skull  of  some  animal 
and  having  a  hole  near  the  edge  for  suspension  was  taken  out. 

The  pigments  used  for  various  purposes  at  Kawaiokuh  were  found 
to  be  similar  to  those  collected  at  Kokopnyama. 

Wicker  and  coiled  basketry  like  that  described  from  Kokopnyama 
was  made  at  Kawaiokuh  (Plate  97,  figs.  1,  2,  and  4).  The  bed  or  mat 
of  twigs  often  placed  beneath  the  more  important  dead  was,  as  far  as 
the  condition  of  the  specimens  allow  to  be  made  out,  constructed  of 
interlaced  shoots  of  Rhus  trilobata,  the  ends  of  the  shoots  turned  in  and 
thrust  among  the  interlacings  forming  an  edge.  Matting  of  yucca, 
the  making  of  which  has  been  long  discontinued  among  the  Hopi,  was 
also  used  to  enwrap  the  dead,  as  shown  (Plate  97,  fig.  5),  where  remains 
of  matting  adhered  to  the  lower  jaw  of  the  skeleton.  Strips  of  the 
fibrous  leaf  of  the  yucca  were  used  for  tying. 

Specimens  of  the  felt-like  masks  of  the  down  of  birds  were  also  col- 
lected at  Kawaiokuh,  as  at  Kokopnyama.     (See  p.  339.) 

Squash  seed,  beans,  corn,  and  cotton  seed  were  found  in  the  graves. 
Sometimes  a  bunch  of  ears  of  corn,  probably  roasted  and  secured 
together  by  the  husks  for  hanging  in  the  house  as  the  Hopi  do  at 
present,  were  uncovered.  The  cotton  seed  resembles  in  size  and 
appearance  that  still  raised  by  the  Oraibi  at  Moenkopi. 

The  offerings  of  prepared  food  to  the  dead  in  the  ancient  ruins  are 
rarely  in  such  condition  as  to  admit  of  identification.  At  Kawaiokuh, 
however,  one  of  these  offerings  was  plainly  a  round,  thick  tortilla, 
such  as  the  Hopi  call  pilabaki. 

While  at  Kokopnyama  pahos  seem  to  be  absent;  at  Kawaiokuh  they 
are  numerous  in  the  graves  and  are  the  only  wooden  objects  that  have 
been  preserved.  It  may  be  said  that  the  cause  of  this  is  the  carbonate 
of  copper  pigment  with  which  the  pahos  were  covered.  Three  kinds 
of  pahos  were  noticed — one  a  short,  slender  stick  sharpened  at  one 
end;  another  larger,  with  carved  head,  and  still  another  a  stout  rod 
having  a  flat  tablet  fastened  to  the  upper  portion."  No  traces  of  other 
colors  than  green  are  observable  on  these  pahos.  Remains  of  pine 
needles  and  feathers  still  adhere  to  the  tablets,  and  in  one  case  the 
small  mass  of  meal  (nusha,  "sustenance"),  customarily  added  by  the 
Hopi  to  certain  pahos,  as  those  of  the  flute  society,  was  preserved. 

In  regard  to  the  distribution  of  pahos  in  this  region,  it  may  be  said 
that  while  they  are  sparsely  represented  in  the  ruins  of  the  Little 
Colorado  Valley  and  the  north  side  of  the  White  and  Mogollon 
mountains,  they  are  most  numerous  in  the  ruins  around  Hopi  mesas, 
especially  in   the   latter   ruins.     In   the   excavation   of   Old   Wolpi, 

«  See  Seventeenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology,  pp.  736- 
739,  for  pahos  found  by  Dr.  Fewkes  at  Awatobi  and  Sikyatki. 


346  REPORT    OF    NATIONAL    MUSEUM,  1901. 

Mr.  C.  L.  Owen,  of  the  Field  Columbian  Museum  exploring-  part},  took 
out  many  hundreds  of  these  interesting  objects,  proving  that  here  is  the 
center  of  greatest  prevalence  of  pahos.  The  origin  of  the  custom  can 
not  be  ascertained  as  yet,  nor  is  there  data  as  to  its  extent  in  the  Pueblo 
region.  Presumably  the  elaborate  pahos  were  an  accession  from  the 
Rio  Grande  coming  in  with  the  complicated  Katchina  ceremonies/' 

PERIODS  OF  TUSAYAN  WARE. 

It  may  be  well  to  notice  here  the  characteristics  of  the  ware  of  the 
different  periods  as  marked  by  the  incoming  clans.  The  settlements 
of  the  first  period  are  small  and  obscure  and  have  not  been  excavated. 
From  surface  indications,  however,  it  is  found  that  the  ware  is  rather 
coarse,  and  that  there  is  a  greater  proportion  of  gray  and  red  ware 
than  in  later  ruins.  The  small  sites  showing  only  gray  ware  and  red 
ware  have  been  mentioned,  and  these  may  indicate  earty  clans  with  the 
technic  of  the  San  Juan  region.  To  the  north  and  west  of  Tusayan 
such  ruins  are  numerous,  coming  close  down  upon  the  area  of  the  yel- 
low ware.  The  traditional  Hopi  ruins  at  Black  Falls,  discovered  by 
Dr.  J.  Walter  Fewkes,  are  of  this  class.6  The  decoration  of  this  ware 
is  geometric,  and  animal  forms  or  symbolic  figures  are  almost  lacking. 

The  second  period  begins  with  the  initial  coming  of  the  clans  from 
the  south.  These  people  are  well  represented  at  Homolobi,  near  Wins- 
low,  Arizona,  where  exist  a  group  of  ruins  explored  by  Dr.  J.  Walter 
Fewkes  and  the  writer  in  1896,  and  the  group  near  Biddahoochee, 
described  in  this  paper  (p.  326).  Here  we  tind  a  considerable  diversity 
of  color  and  quality  of  ware.  The  fine  yellow  ware  is  well  represented, 
but  we  have  gray  ware,  red  ware,  polychrome  ware,  and  coiled  vessels 
with  marked  coiled  decoration  different  from  the  obscure  coiling  of  the 
ruins  near  the  Hopi  mesas. c 

The  decoration  is  geometric,  but  not  derived  from  the  same  motives 
as  in  the  gray  ware  of  northern  localities.  There  is  more  fertility  of 
invention  in  handling  motives  which  are  in  a  transition  from  more  com- 
plex symbolic  subjects  in  the  main  primarily  realistic.  This  gives,  for 
example,  the  interior  decoration  of  bowls  a  greater  variet}^  in  the 
matter  of  placing  the  design  over  the  whole  area,  whereas  in  the  black- 
and-white  northern  ware  the  design  is  usually  arranged  in  four  areas 
between  the  arms  of  a  cross,  leaving  a  square  or  circular  field  in  the 

«  Most  of  the  traditions  ascribe  the  introduction  of  prayer  sticks  to  the  Water  House 
people  of  the  South.  See  Fewkes,  Tusayan  Migration  Traditions,  Nineteenth  Annual 
Report  of  the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology. 

&  American  Anthropologist  (n.  s.),  II,  July-Sept.,  1900. 

c  The  migration  from  the  south  has  also  been  in  progress  for  a  considerable  period, 
extending  up  to  comparatively  recent  times.  It  must  be  said,  however,  that  these 
clans  brought  with  them  pottery  that  appears  to  be  more  ancient  in  type  than  that 
brought  by  the  Rio  Grande  clans. 


ARCHEOLOGICAL    FIELD    WORK    IN    ARIZONA.  347 

middle  of  the  bowl  .scarcely  ever  occupied  by  a  symbolic  design.  The 
dcsions  are  almost  invariably  angular  and  rarely  undertake  the  voluted 
or  curved  designs  of  other  regions. 

Invariably,  also,  the  ancient  Hopi  ruins  are  richer  in  shell,  turquoise, 
and  objects  of  aboriginal  art  than  other  ruins  of  the  Southwest. 

The  extent  of  the  impress  upon  the  Hopi  of  the  art  of  the  clans 
coming  from  the  south  is  not  clear  at  present,  as  the  ancient  sites  have 
not  been  explored  to  any  extent.  In  the  summer  of  1901  Dr.  George 
A.  Dorsey  and  Mr.  C.  L.  Owen,  of  the  Field  Columbian  Museum, 
excavated  on  the  site  of  Old  Walpi,  the  "Ash  Heap,"  as  it  is  called, 
securing  a  large  collection,  which,  when  it  is  available,  will  probably 
throw  light  on  the  transition  period. 

It  appears  that  comparatively  recently  the  potter's  art  died  out 
among  the  Hopi  of  the  Middle  and  East  Mesas  and  that  by  the  law  of 
village  specialization  of  an  art,  Oraibi  retained  the  making  of  pottery 
until  shortly  after  1872,  when  Dr.  J.  W.  Powell  visited  the  pueblo. 
The  later  Oraibi  art  shows  marked  Zuni  influences.  The  Tewans, 
however,  practiced  the  art  uninterruptedly,  and  it  has  come  to  be  that 
the  people  of  Hano  are  the  only  potters  remaining  in  Tusayan,  and 
that  finally,  at  the  close  of  the  fourth  period,  the  pottery  used  by  the 
Hopi  is  of  Rio  Grande  extraction,  even  though  it  has  become  thoroughly 
debased,  like  many  of  the  arts  of  the  American  Indians.  Nampeo, 
an  intelligent  Tewan  woman,  however,  is  endeavoring  to  revive  the 
glories  of  the  former  times. 

The  third  period,  the  golden  age  of  Tusayan,  begins  with  the  great 
migration  from  the  Rio  Grande.  To  this  period  belongs  the  splendid 
ware  procured  by  Dr.  Fewkes  at  Sikyatki  and  Awatobi/'  the  Keam 
collections  at  Peabody  and  Chicago,  and  the  collection  from  Jettyto 
Valley  by  the  Museum-Gates  expedition. 

In  texture  and  decoration  this  pottery  is  the  best  in  North  America 
and  ranks  with  the  finest  of  Mexico  and  Peru.  In  decoration  it  is 
perhaps  superior,  for  it  must  be  remembered  that  the  highest  efforts 
of  the  potter  in  those  countries  belong  in  the  class  of  sculpture,  which 
is  hardly  represented  in  Tusayan,  nor  indeed  in  the  Pueblo  region, 
except  where  it  connects  with  the  Mexican  culture  on  the  southern 
border. 

The  ware  of  Jettyto  Valley  is  preponderantly  yellow,  ranging  from 
cream  color  to  yellow  ocher  and  occasionally  reaching  orange.  Brown 
and  salmon  color  also  occur,  with  a  few  sporadio  examples  of  gray 
and  red. 

The  texture  of  the  ware  is  fine  and  homogeneous;  the  absence  of 
sand  or  degraissant  is  notable,  which  speaks  well  of  the  cretaceous 
clays  that  occur  as  partings  in  the  sandstone  rocks  of  the  region.  These 
clays  also  contain  little  iron  and  that  is  such  chemical  form  as  to 

a  Seventeenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology,  Pt.  2. 


348  REPORT    OF   NATIONAL    MUSEUM,  1901. 

impart  only  a  yellowish  tint  of  great  beauty  to  the  burnt  ware.  The 
cla}^  burns  to  remarkable  densit}^  and  stands  a  high  heat  in  the  kiln. 
Sometimes  overburning  produces  a  paste  with  the  hardness  of  stone- 
ware, but  high  heat  usually  darkens  the  surface  and  obscures  the 
design. 

A  lively  appreciation  of  symmetry  of  form  is  evident  and  the  sur- 
face finish  shows  the  greatest  care,  no  part  being  slighted,  differing  in 
this  respect  from  the  gray  ware  of  the  north,  in  which  the  exterior 
surface  and  edge  usually  have  not  been  treated  with  the  polishing 
stone.  On  account  of  the  careful  finish  of  the  Jettyto  ware  no  traces 
of  coiling  or  other  processes  may  he  seen;  in  fact,  the  potter  was  care- 
ful not  to  have  even  marks  of  the  smoothing  stone  on  her  vessels,  so 
that  the  surface  is  agreeable  to  the  touch,  like  polished  ivory.  Not 
having  received  any  surface  wash  of  clay  ,  the  vessels  are  never  crackled. 

There  is  no  doubt,  however,  that  the  structural  method  of  coiling 
was  practiced  and  that  the  basal  processes  were  similar  to  those 
employed  by  the  potters  of  Hano  at  present. 

The  pigments,  also,  were  of  iron  ores  and  earths,  like  those  used  by 
Nampeo  at  Hano.  These  are  toko,  or  ironstone  and  sikydtoho,  or  yel- 
low ocher;  in  unskillful  hands  these  produce,  the  former  dark  brown 
answering  to  black,  and  the  latter  dingy  reds.  Nampeo  has  in  her 
recrudescence  of  the  old  art  found  it  necessary  to  select  these  pigments 
for  various  qualities,  depending  on  the  purity  or  impurity  of  the 
material,  or  just  as  she  also  selects  her  clay.  Her  efforts,  while  com- 
mendable, serve  to  heighten  our  appreciation  of  the  discrimination  of 
the  ancient  potters  in  selecting  and  handling  their  materials.  Their 
command  of  the  resources  of  color  may  be  observed  in  Plate  98,  fig.  2, 
where  on  an  old  ivory  ground  may  be  counted  seven  graduations  of 
yellow,  red,  and  brown;  fig.  1  of  this  plate  is  also  a  fine  example 
of  color  and  texture.  These  graduations  are  intentional  and  show  a 
knowledge  of  the  behavior  in  firing  of  these  colors. 

Colors  were  not  only  put  on  in  broad  masses  over  portions  of  the 
design,  but  areas  of  the  vessels  were  spattered  with  delicate  tints  of 
red,  brown,  and  yellow,  shaded  from  the  edges  toward  the  center  with 
great  taste.  Areas  of  color  were  frequently  stippled,  apparently  with 
the  yucca  brush,  and  sometimes  color  was  applied  using  the  end  of 
the  finger  as  a  pounce.  Masses  of  dark  color  were  relieved  or  made 
more  specific  as  to  meaning  by  scratching  away  the  color  with  a  sharp 
point  as  in  etching.  In  one  example  found  at  Kawaiokuh  the  repre- 
sentation of  a  mask  is  covered  with  raised  work  in  color,  the  pigment 
having  been  thickened' to  form  a  mass.  These  examples,  which  prob- 
ably do  not  comprise  all  the  manipulations  with  which  the  Jettyto 
potters  were  familiar,  are  enough  to  place  them  in  the  category  of  the 
most  advanced  pueblo  artists. 


ARCHEOLOGICAL    FIELD    WORK    IN    ARIZONA.  349 

It  must  be  said  also  that  in  drawing  they  take  high  rank  in  that  they 
displayed  an  appreciation  of  the  quality  of  lines  and  attacked  complex 
subjects,  which  they  rendered  with  accuracy,  freedom,  and  boldness. 

Their  colors  were  applied  by  means  of  a  slender  strip  of  yucca  leaf, 
as  a  rule,  where  accurate  work  was  sought.  In  some  cases,  however, 
there  is  evidence  that  a  larger,  soft-ended  brush,  possibly  of  hair,  was 
used,  and  the  design  painted  on  hurriedly  and  roughly.  It  is  true 
that  the  pottery  of  any  one  of  these  pueblos  furnishes  examples  show- 
ing varying  degrees  of  skill,  though  the  average  is  high  for  pottery 
of  the  better  class. 

AGE  OF  JETTYTO  VALLEY  RUINS. 

It  is  fortunate  that  the  dates  of  the  discovery  (1540)  and  of  the 
destruction  of  Awatobi  (1700)  are  known.  From  these  dates  it  is 
possible  to  approximate  the  age  of  the  related  pueblos  and  to  get  a 
clue  as  to  the  period  of  the  migrations  from  the  Rio  Grande.  These 
migrations  extend  over  a  considerable  length  of  time,  but  there  is 
traditional  material  relating  to  all  the  settlements,  portions  of  which 
have  been  collected  by  J.  Walter  Fewkesa  and  A.  M.  Stephen.6 

Previous  to  the  year  1700,  when  the  last  migration  from  the  Rio 
Grande  brought  the  Tewans  of  the  present  town  of  Hano,  many  clans 
from  the  east  settled  in  Tusayan.  One  comparatively  late  migration 
was  due  to  the  unsettled  conditions  on  the  Rio  Grande  caused  by  the 
pueblo  insurrection  of  1680.  These  migrants  founded  the  pueblos  of 
Payupki  and  Tebungkihu,  now  in  ruins  near  the  East  and  Middle 
Mesas.  They  withdrew  again  to  the  Rio  Grande  at  the  instance  of 
Padre  Menchero  when- the  trouble  had  passed. 

The  settlements  at  Sikyatki,  Awatobi,  and  the  other  great  Jettyto 
towns  were  more  permanent  and  endured  to  all  appearances  for  sev- 
eral centuries.  The  first  Rio  Grande  migration  undoubtedly  ante- 
dates the  conquest  (1540);  it  may  not  be  possible,  however,  to  deter- 
mine the  length  of  time  beyond  that  date  that  the  Jettyto  pueblos 
were  occupied.  In  1540,  when  Awatobi  was  visited  by  Tobar,  it  was 
a  village  of  800  souls,  the  only  Hopi  village  besides  Oraibi,  then 
located  on  a  mesa/  Later  visitors  to  Awatobi  were  Espejo,  1583; 
Onate,  1598,  and  Vargas,  1692.  In  1700  it  was  destroyed  by  Hopi 
from  the  pueblos  a  few  miles  to  the  north,  having  remained  on  its 

« In  various  reports  of  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology,  American  Anthropologist,  and  Folk 
Lore  Journal.  Quite  a  full  account  may  be  found  in  the  Seventeenth  Annual  Report 
of  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology,  to  which  I  am  indebted.  See  also  the  recent  paper  on 
Tusayan  migration  traditions,  Nineteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology, 
1901. 

&  Eighth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology,  1886-87. 

c  J.  W.  Fewkes,  Report,  Smithsonian  Institution,  1895. 


350  REPORT    OF    NATIONAL    MUSEUM,   1901. 

location  for  one  hundred  and  sixty  years  during  the  historic  period, 
and  inferentially  having  been  built  long  before  1540.  At  that  date, 
also,  the  three  very  large  pueblos  to  the  east  of  Awatobi,  and  also 
Sikyatki,  had  been  abandoned,  as  Tobar  makes  no  mention  of  them. 
This,  of  course,  is  negative  evidence.  It  seems  likely,  therefore,  that, 
as  Dr.  Fewkes  has  suggested,  this  migration  probably  occurred  in  the 
fifteenth  century. 

The  impression  the  writer  received  on  the  study  of  these  ruins  is 
that  Kawaiokuha  and  Chakpahu  were  contemporory  with  Awatobi. 
Like  Sikyatki,  they  mark  the  period  of  the  highest  development  of 
the  potter's  art  in  Tusayan.  Kokopnyama,  however,  seems  older;  the 
pottery  is  not  so  good  and  it  is  possible  that  it  is  the  first  settlement 
in  this  region  from  the  Rio  Grande.  The  important  clan  of  the  Fire 
or  Firewood  is  known  to  have  lived  at  Tebungkihu  and  Sikyatki;6  it 
may  be  that  Sikyatki  was  settled  from  Kokopnyama.  The  potter}^  of 
Chakpahu  is  the  finest  to  be  found  in  Tusayan.  This  pueblo  was  the 
center  of  the  manufacture  of  the  splendid  hapiform  vases  characteristic 
of  this  region,  and  innumerable  beautiful  fragments  are  to  be  seen 
in  the  debris.  At  Kokopnyama  sherds  of  such  vases  are  very  few;  at 
Kawaiokuh  there  are  about  as  many  as  at  Awatobi.  The  ruins  of 
Sikyatki  have  furnished  some  fine  examples,  figured  in  Dr.  Fewkes's 
monograph. b 

One  of  the  most  beautiful  specimens  in  existence,  taken  out  by  an 
Indian  at  Chakpahu,  was  secured  by  Mr.  P.  G.  Gates  in  1901. 

If  there  were  no  traditions  among  the  Hopi  relating  to  the  five 
pueblos  mentioned,  comparative  methods  would  show  that  the  bold 
symbolism  on  the  pottery  relates  them  to  the  Keresan  pueblos,  which 
furnish  the  onty  ware  among  the  present  village  dwellers  that  is  similar 
in  style  of  ornamentation.  We  may  conclude,  therefore,  that  superior 
ceramics,  both  in  texture  and  decoration,  were  brought  to  the  Hopi 
from  the  east  as  early  as  the  fifteenth  century. 

The  main  feature  of  interest  in  this  connection  is  the  extent  to  which 
the  Hopi  culture  has  been  modified  by  that  of  the  Rio  Grande  peoples. 
The  region  of  the  upper  Rio  Grande,  with  its  superior  advantages  as 
to  food  supply,  due  to  the  abundant  water,  has  been  the  cradle  of 
pueblo  culture,  and  to  these  favorable  conditions,  as  well  as  its  posi- 
tion on  migration  lines,  it  may  have  received  the  first  settlements  of 
hunter  tribes  forced  into  the  pueblo  region.  Undoubtedly  these  con- 
ditions have  determined  the  perpetuation  of  the  majority  of  the  exist- 
ing pueblos.  From  this  region  we  would  expect  various  populations 
to  swarm  in  search  of  new  homes.  The  Navaho  also  were  modified  for 
their  betterment  by  contact  with  the  Rio  Grande  culture  and  by  racial 

«  Mr.  F.  W.  Hodge  informs  me  that  this  is  also  the  Keresan  or  Queres  name  of  the 
pueblo  of  Laguna. 

&  Seventeenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology,  Pt.  2. 


ARCHEOLOGICAL    FIELD    WORK    IN    ARIZONA.  351 

mixture  with  some  of  the  clans,  through  whom,  no  doubt,  they  received 
sheep  and  their  first  lessons  in  pecudiculture." 

The  original  Hopi  clans,  the  Snake  and  Bear,  forming  the  nucleus 
of  the  settlement,  traditionally  came  to  Tusayan  from  the  northwest 
and  southwest  at  an  early  date,  possibly  as  early  as  the  fourteenth 
century.  This  marks  the  end  of  the  wanderings  of  those  clans,  the 
location  having  many  permanent  springs  and  the  stream  beds  giving 
fair  opportunity  for  agriculture.  It  is  not  the  country  that  civilized 
man  would  choose  for  a  habitation,  but  to  the  Indian  its  isolation  gave 
safety  and  the  desert  gave  subsistance  to  those  who  knew  the  field  craft 
for  the  desert. 

There  can  scarcely  be  more  than  conjecture  as  to  the  origin  of  these 
early  clans.  From  the  language  they  were  of  the  great  Uto-Aztecan 
stock,  which  forms  at  this  day  the  largest  linguistic  family  on  the 
Western  Hemisphere.  The  history  of  this  family  is  comprised  in  less 
than  four  centuries  since  the  conquest,  and  tradition  in  Mexico,  where 
the  tribes  reached  their  greatest  efflorescence,  places  their  migration 
from  the  north  at  two  centuries  before  the  conquest.  Cubas  places 
the  first  "king"  at  1352. 

There  is  little  doubt  that  before  the  date  of  the  entrance  of  the 
Aztecs  into  Mexico  the  Pueblo  region  possessed  its  characteristic  cul- 
ture. Whether  this  culture  was  environmental  (Brinton)  or  an  outer 
wave  from  the  great  ancient  cultures  of  Central  America,  or  both,  is 
an  open  question. 

The  Shoshoneans,  like  the  Navaho,  came  in  contact  and  union  with 
pueblo  tribes  at  one  of  the  early  centers  of  population,  presumably  in 
southeastern  Utah  or  northern  New  Mexico.  Here  they  received  a 
modifying  element  assimilating  them  to  pueblo  culture.  It  might  not 
be  going  too  far  to  say  that  Nahuatl  incursions  into  Mexico  from  the 
north  were  filtered  through  the  Pueblo  region;  indeed  it  seems  proba- 
ble. The  Hopi,  then  in  their  beginnings,  may  be  regarded  as  a  product 
of  pueblo  environment  and  culture  upon  hunting  tribes  of  Shoshoneans 
whose  virility  fitted  them  to  move  about  in  the  Pueblo  region,  pre- 
serving their  organization  and  language.  If  it  be  true  that  the  early 
tribes  did  not  possess  corn,  but  depended  upon  the  chase,  the  most 
important,  in  fact  a  well-nigli  essential,  need  was  supplied  by  this  food 
of  foods,  and  the  modifying  effect  was  like  that  of  the  acquisition  of 
sheep  by  the  Navaho.  Contact  of  the  Hopi  with  cliff-dwelling  tribes 
of  Pueblo  Indians  is  undoubted;  the  traditions  hint  at  it,  and  the  dis- 
coveries of  George  H.  Pepper  in  northern  New  Mexico  reveal  basket- 
making  tribes  using  symbolism  familiar  among  the  Hopi.ft    In  truth 

«  F.  W.  Hodge.  The  early  Navajo  and  Apache,  American  Anthropologist,  VIII, 
1895,  p.  223. 

6 The  Ancient  Basket-Makers  of  Southeastern  Utah,  G.  H.  Pepper,  Journal  of  the 
American  Museum  of  Natural  History,  New  York,  II,  Supplement,  April,  1902. 


352  REPORT    OF   NATIONAL    MUSEUM,   1901. 

it  might  be  said  that  we  have  in  the  ancient  inhabitants  of  Grand 
Gulch  the  Shoshonean  prototype  of  the  northern  clans  of  the  Hopi, 
or  rather  one  of  these  clans  in  a  state  of  modification  as  referred  to. 

The  subsequent  history  of  the  Hopi  after  the  Snake  and  other  early 
clans  settled  in  Tusayan  is  marked  by  the  arrival  of  many  clans  from 
various  quarters,  consolidating  into  the  Hopi  complex  as  we  find  it 
to-day. 

The  more  important  of  these  superadded  elements  were  the  Rain, 
Lizard,  and  Rabbit  groups  of  clans  from  the  south,  according  to  Dr. 
Fewkes,  which  have  been  traced  at  Homolobi  and  Biddahoochee,  and 
the  Badger,  Horn,  Tansy  Mustard,  and  Katchina  groups  of  clans  from 
the  east. 

Attention  is  called  in  this  connection  to  an  interesting  environ- 
mental phase  of  the  names  of  the  clans,  which  seems  to  work  out 
beautifully  in  determining  the  location  from  whence  they  came.  This 
is  that  the  clans  coming  from  the  north  and  northeast,  from  moun- 
tainous regions  where  game  abounds,  bear  the  names  of  animals;  while 
those  from  the  south,  or  from  less  rugged  and  more  cultivable  regions, 
bear  the  names  of  plants,  minor  animals,  or  of  the  beneficent  powers 
of  nature.  The  clans  from  the  land  of  the  agave  and  the  yucca  palms 
lived  in  a  milder  environment  and  by  the  nature  of  things  were  more 
civilized  than  the  clans  who  were  forced  to  depend  largely  on  hunting 
for  subsistence.  It  will  be  seen  that  those  facts  must  be  taken  in 
account  in  the  study  of  the  composition  of  the  Hopi. 

REMARKS. 
TYPES  OF  BUILDINGS. 

It  was  found  that  in  few  of  the  pueblos  south  of  the  Jetty  to  Valley 
examined  by  the  Museum-Gates  party  of  1901  was  there  any  care 
taken  to  locate  in  an  inaccessible  or  defensible  position.  The  care  was 
rather  to  settle  near  the  water  supply,  at  a  sufficient  elevation  merely 
to  overlook  the  fields  or  to  furnish  a  practicable  site. 

As  a  rule,  the  plans  of  the  fifty-five  ruins  examined  are  of  the  ordi- 
nary rectangular  type,  offering  little  worthy  of  remark.  The  groups 
in  the  White  Mountain  region,  however,  which  show  in  part  circular 
plans,  and  some  of  the  ruins  of  the  Canyon  Butte  group,  which  approach 
this  type,  are  interesting  in  connection  with  the  range  and  affiliations 
of  the  widespread  clans  who  employed  a  style  of  decoration  on  gray 
and  red  pottery  that  may  be  called  the  dual  style,  which  will  be  dis- 
cussed later  (p.  354). 

DISTRIBUTION  t)F  PUEBLO  CULTURE. 

Last  winter  the  writer  presented  a  paper  before  the  Anthropolog- 
ical Society  of  Washington,  giving  a  summary  of  the  field  work  of  the 


ARCHEOLOGICAL    FIELD    WORK    IN    ARIZONA.  353 

Museum -Gates  expedition  of  1901.  In  discussing  the  paper  Presi- 
dent W.  H.  Holmes  characterized  the  Pueblo  culture  by  saying  that 
it  was  a  great  unit  with  much  diversity  in  detail,  fading  off  into  but 
not  connecting  with  the  areas  to  the  west,  north,  and  east,  save  per- 
haps in  case  of  a  limited  class  of  ancient  earthenware  decorated  with 
color  found  in  the  States  of  Mississippi,  Arkansas,  and  Louisiana;  but 
on  the  south  there  is  strong  evidence  that  it  connects  with  the  art  of 
northern  Mexico  and  to  some  degree  with  the  great  culture  centers 
of  the  southern  plateau  of  Mexico.  President  Holmes  said  that  the 
various  ceramic  groups  were  largely  the  result  of  local  environment, 
and  to  some  extent  to  the  culture  of  peoples  arriving  in  that  environ- 
ment, but  the  culture  over  the  whole  Pueblo  area  has  been  to  some 
extent  unified. 

A'  few  years  ago  the  writer  made  a  study  of  the  art  of  pottery  mak- 
ing carried  on  at  the  pueblo  of  Hano,  on  the  first  or  east  Hopi  mesa. 
It  was  strikingly  brought  out  in  the  course  of  this  study  that  the 
environment  for  potter's  materials  is  quite  extended.  For  instance, 
one  desirable  clay  was  brought  from  the  ancient  quarry  of  Sikyatki, 
about  5  miles  away,  another  from  10  miles  or  so,  common  clay  from 
the  partings  in  the  mesa  just  below  the  pueblo,  another  clay  of  dif- 
ferent character  from  some  other  place,  and  besides  these  four  varie- 
ties, kaolin  was  brought  from  a  long  distance.  Experiments  were 
also  made  with  clays  encountered  during  journeys,  and  by  mixtures 
clays  were  improved  or  regulated  for  certain  classes  of  ware,  as  for 
the  large  water  ollas  which  come  from  the  primitive  kiln  a  reddish- 
brown  color.  A  similar  discriminative  selection  was  also  observed  in 
regard  to  the  pottery  pigments. 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  potter's  art  at  Hano  is  surprisingly  complex 
in  the  matter  of  materials,  not  to  speak  of  the  other  processes  involved 
before  the  ware  is  finished. 

So  far  as  has  been  observed  by  the  writer,  the  clays  of  this  region 
as  a  rule  burn  to  light  yellow,  or,  in  other  words,  it  is  an  environment 
that  would  determine  yellow  pottery.  Without  doubt  the  three  great 
types  of  pottery  of  the  Pueblo  region  as  to  color  have  their  origin  in 
the  geological  environment  in  localities  where  the  respective  conditions 
obtain,  but  the  decorated  ware  such  as  is  taken  from  the  ruins  and 
exhibited  in  our  museums  stands  very  far  from  the  beginning.  These 
types  have  been  more  or  less  widely  spread  over  the  whole  Southwest 
through  the  migration  of  clans.  Thus  we  find  gray  ware  almost  exclu- 
sively, for  instance,  at  the  Scorse  Ranch,  where  the  country  clays  burn 
from  yellow  brown  to  light  yellow.  Hence  kaolinic  cla\\s  were  sought 
out  for  use  here  because  gray  pottery  was  the  kind  sanctioned  by  custom 
and  must  be  made  even  though  the  end  be  attained  by  passing  a  wash 
of  kaolin  over  a  body  of  dark  color.  It  seems,  therefore,  that  there 
is  evidence  of  strong  conservatism  in  the  potter's  art  of  the  pueblos, 

NAT  mus  1901 23 


354  REPORT    OF    NATIONAL    MUSEUM,   1901. 

one  which  peculiarly  belongs  to  the  woman,  who  Professor  O.  T.  Mason 
has  shown  are  the  originators  and  zealous  perpetuators  of  many  of 
the  primitive  arts.  While  without  the  evidence  of  the  decorative 
symbolism  and  forms  of  pottery  and  that  of  other  artifacts  found  in 
a  ruin,  it  might  not  be  thought  advisable  to  depend  on  the  color  of  the 
ware  alone;  yet,  bearing  in  mind  the  strong  conservatism  of  custom, 
this  feature  has  classificatory  value.  Speaking  now  with  regard  to 
the  art  alone,  we  msij  provisionally  class  the  pueblo  culture  in  pre- 
sumable sequence  of  origin  as  that  of  the  gray -ware  people,  the  yellow- 
ware  people,  and  the  red-ware  people. 

The  region  of  gray  ware  is  southern  Utah,  southern  Colorado, 
northern  Arizona,  and  northern  New  Mexico,  and  its  range  is  much 
more  extensive  than  that  of  any  other  class.  The  surviving  people 
making  gray  ware  are  the  Zuni. 

The  region  of  yellow  ware  embraces  the  Hopi  Reservation  and  the 
country  south  to  the  Lower  Gila  in  the  former  range  of  the  Hopi ;  in 
the  southern  portion  of  the  region  it  occurs  sparingly  and  crosses  areas 
of  red  and  gray.  Acoma,  Sia,  and  perhaps  some  other  Rio  Grande 
pueblos  make  ware  which  falls  in  this  class. 

Ancient  sites  furnishing  red  ware  exclusively  are  rare.  Red  ware 
occurs  in  connection  with  gray,  polychrome,  and  other  classes.  In 
general,  the  region  embraces  the  White  and  Mogollon  mountains, 
portions  of  the  Gila,  and  has  its  focus  in  the  Pima-Papago- Mohave 
country  in  southern  Arizona. 

RANGE  OF  DUAL  DESIGN  ON  POTTERY. 

In  this  connection  attention  is  called  to  a  style  of  decoration  found 
almost  altogether  on  gray  pottery.  The  design  is  drawn  in  hachure 
and  solid  color;  these  areas  of  decoration  being  very  often  comple- 
mentary, suggesting  the  idea  of  duality.  (See  Plate  31,  figs.  3  and  4; 
Plate  32,  figs.  5  and  6,  Scorse  Ranch  ruins,  and  Plate  51,  Canyon  Butte 
Wash  ruins.)  This  design  may  be  seen  on  the  palaces  of  Mitla,  where 
it  occurs  in  the  frets  figured  by  W.  H.  Holmes."  It  is  believed  that  this 
style  of  decoration  may  be  of  importance  in  determining  the  range  and 
affiliations  of  the  tribes  making  use  of  it.  An  examination  of  the  pot- 
teiy  of  the  existing  pueblos  shows  that  the  dual  or  hachure  design  has 
been  perpetuated  only  at  Zuni,  and  here  also  on  the  surviving  repre- 
sentative of  the  ancient  gray  ware,  still  the  typical  pottery  at  Zuni.  The 
ruins  of  the  Zuni  pueblos  which  nourished  at  the  time  of  the  conquest 
and  the  Zuni  ruin  of  Kintiel,  so  far  as  we  have  observations  upon  them, 
show  this  type  of  ware  and  decoration.  The  ruins  south  of  Zuni  to 
the  Rito  Quemado;  southwest,  embracing  the  St.  Johns-Springerville 

« Archaeological  Studies  Among  the  Ancient  Cities  of  Mexico,  Field  Columbian 
Museum,  Anthropological  Series,  I,  No.  1,  Chicago,  1897,  pp.  248-249. 


AECHEOLOGICAL    FIELD    WORK    IN    ARIZONA.  355 

region;  Forcstdale  (see  p.  289),  in  the  Apache  Reservation;  the  Tule- 
rosa  and  Upper  San  Francisco  rivers,  etc. ;  in  general,  the  region  south 
and  southwest  of  Zufii,  with  as  yet  undefined  boundaries  but  mani- 
festly an  area  of  great  extent,  are  of  this  class.  As  said  by  Cushing, 
the  traditions  clearly  show  that  the  Zufii  stock  is  made  up  of  two  ele- 
ments, the  one  preponderating  and  more  virile  from  the  north,  and 
the  other  from  the  south,  which  Cushing  seems  inclined  to  connect 
with  the  Yuman  of  the  Lower  Rio  Colorado  or  the  Piman  stock. a  It 
may  be  said  in  passing  that  a  census  of  the  immense  collection  of  mod- 
ern Zufii  pottery  in  the  U.  S.  National  Museum  includes  a  number  of 
pieces  of  red  ware,  principally  in  form  of  bowls  with  polished  surface, 
which  remind  one  strongly  of  Pima  pottery. 

Little  work  has  been  done  on  Zufii  archeology,  nor  is  the  pueblo 
unique  in  this  respect;  so  that  the  starting  points,  ancient  migration 
lines,  or  stopping  places  on  the  way  from  the  north  or  south  are  yet 
to  be  worked  out.  Perhaps  this  hint  as  to  the  dual  and  hachure  design 
may  serve  as  a  clew  in  the  further  prosecution  of  this  research,  which 
presents  only  one  of  many  problems  that  await  elucidation  in  that 
fascinating  field,  the  ancient  Southwest. 

SYMBOLISM. 

There  remains  also  much  work  to  be  done  on  the  subject  of  symbol- 
ism, and  like  many  other  matters  connected  with  the  Indians,  who  are 
daily  losing  something  of  their  old  life,  the  time  for  this  study  is  the 
present. 

A  world  of  symbolism  painted  on  pottery  lies  beneath  the  ancient 
ruins  of  Arizona,  besides  that  which  has  already  been  taken  out  by 
responsible  and  irresponsible  parties.  Nowhere  has  symbolism  played 
such  important  part  as  in  the  pueblos  of  the  Hopi  group,  and  nowhere 
is  the  study  of  them  so  interesting,  both  on  account  of  the  fullness  of 
the  material  and  the  relationship  to  existing  peoples  who  to-day  have 
a  living  body  of  symbols.  Here  is  an  advantage  presented  in  the  study 
of  pueblo  archeology  over  that  of  other  regions  in  the  United  States. 
Representatives  of  the  prehistoric  peoples  are  still  living  in  the  region 
where  the  ancient  clans  wandered,  preserving  in  some  degree  the 
ancient  thought  and  in  less  degree  the  ancient  arts.  To  them  we  may 
refer  the  finds  taken  from  the  ground  with  some  reasonable  hope  of 
explaining  obscure  points  or  of  finding  clues  that  will  lead  to  the 
explanation,  whereas  in  other  regions  there  are  many  problems  that 
can  receive  no  aid  from  living  tribes. 

Nowhere  on  this  continent  is  there  found  a  greater  wealth  of  sym- 
bolism than  in  the  region  of  the  Hopi  mesas,  among  the  living  as  well 
as  among  the  dead.     The  expression  of  this  symbolism  is  also  of  an 

«  Thirteenth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  American  Ethnology,  1891-92,  p.  342. 


356  EEPOET    OF   NATIONAL    MUSEUM,   1901. 

interesting  stage,  that  of  transition  from  "the  realistic  to  the  idealistic, 
and  various  degrees  of  growth  exhibiting  examples  of  the  origin  of 
symbols  and  their  submergence  into  conventional  and  geometric  forms. 
The  beginning,  range,  and  decay  of  symbols,  as  well  as  the  subjects 
involved,  form  a  fascinating  chapter  in  the  history  of  this  region,  a 
history  that  gives,  beyond  all  in  importance,  a  clew  to  the  thoughts 
of  the  pueblo  dwellers. 

It  is  hoped  in  a  future  paper  to  present  an  account  of  the  symbols 
occurring  on  objects  collected  in  different  localities  by  the  Museum- 
Gates  expedition  of  1901,  in  order  to  illustrate  some  of  the  points 
mentioned  above.  The  whole  subject  is  too  large  for  the  efforts  of 
one  person,  and  perhaps  rendering  the  material  accessible  to  students 
may  be  the  most  valuable  result  accomplished  in  this  instance.  A  few 
of  the  best  specimens  showing  symbolism  are  figured  on  Plates  98  to 
101. 

DOMESTIC  AND  FOOD  ANIMALS. 

A  careful  search  for  the  bones  of  animals  was  maintained  in  the 
excavations  made  in  and  around  the  sites  examined  during  the  season 
of  1901. °  This  inquiry  was  pursued  in  order  to  ascertain  what  ani- 
mals were  used  for  food  and  what  animals  were  domesticated  by  the 
ancient  inhabitants  of  this  region. 

As  to  the  first  item,  the  remains  show  that  most  of  the  animals  of 
the  region  were  consumed  as  food;  but,  as  might  be  anticipated,  bones 
of  the  carnivora  are  much  rarer  that  those  of  the  herbivora,  the  latter 
represented  by  deer  and  rabbit  species,  and  the  former  by  the  fox, 
coyote,  wolf,  dog,  raccoon,  badger,  wildcat,  and  puma,  but  no  bones 
of  the  bear  were  observed.  Remains  of  the  beaver  and  small  rodents, 
and  bones  of  birds,  especially  the  turke}r,  eagle,  hawk,  and  owl,  were 
noted. 

Remains  of  the  dog  and  turkey  were  found  in  nearly  every  ruin, 
showing  the  extent  of  the  domestication  of  these  animals  in  this  region. 
So  far  as  can  be  determined,  the  dog  and  turkey  were  the  only  animals 
domesticated  by  the  pueblo  tribes.  It  was  hoped  that  light  might 
have  been  thrown  upon  the  question  of  domestication  of  other  animals, 
namely,  the  deer,6  and  an  auchenia  (llama),  as  affirmed  by  Gushing  from 
figurines  found  on  the  Rio  Salado,  in  southern  Arizona/    The  writer 

«Work  of  this  character  was  begun  in  1896,  on  the  Homolobi  ruins,  and  continued 
in  1897  in  connection  with  environmental  studies  in  the  Southwest.  See  Hough, 
Environmental  Interrelations  in  Arizona;  American  Anthropologist,  XI,  May,  1898, 
p.  133;  and  J.  W.  Fewkes,  Twentieth  Annual  Report  of  the  Bureau  of  American 
Ethnology. 

&Nadaillac,  Prehistoric  America,  London,  1885,  pp.  205,  219,  affirms  the  domesti- 
cation of  the  deer  in  Colorado  and  Arizona. 

cSee  Dr.  Washington  Matthews,  U.  S.  A.  in  Land  of  Sunshine  (now  Out  West), 
XII,  March,  1900. 


ARCHEOLOGICAL    FIELD    WORK    IN    ARIZONA.  357 

has  copied  numerous  pictographs  in  the  valley  of  the  Little  Colorado 
River  showing  unmistakably  the  herding  of  turkeys  and  of  deer  by 
men.  It  is  possible  that  the  scene  depicted  in  the  bowl  found  at 
Linden  (Plate  19)  is  of  this  character.  In  this  connection  the  congeries 
of  small  cells  adjoining  the  ruins  at  Pinedale,  in  the  White  Mountains 
of  Arizona,  is  interesting.  Still,  the  evidence  presented  so  far  as  to 
the  domestication  of  other  animals  than  the  dog  and  turkey  is 
unsatisfactory. 

It  is  hoped  that  in  future  excavations  in  the  Southwest  all  bones  of 
animals  may  be  carefully  collected  for  the  sake  of  the  aid  they  afford 
to  a  fuller  understanding  of  the  life  of  the  pueblo  dwellers. 

PRESERVATION  OF  ANCIENT  RUINS. 

One  of  the  most  depressing  features  connected  with  the  work  in  the 
Pueblo  region  is  the  evidence  of  vandalism  and  unskilled  exploration 
encountered  on  almost  all  of  the  prehistoric  sites.  The  extent  of  this 
devastation  can  scarcely  be  realized.  No  ruin  is  so  obscure  or  inacces- 
sible that  some  sheep  herder  or  prospector  has  not  put  in  some  of  his 
tedious  hours  digging  in  it. 

The  settlers  of  the  States  and  Territories  in  the  Pueblo  region  from 
the  first  were  alive  to  the  wonders  of  the  new  country  and  were 
attracted  by  the  evidences  of  the  former  inhabitants.  Thus  at  that 
time,  out  of  curiosity,  many  of  the  ruins  were  visited;  axes,  etc.,  were 
picked  up  from  the  surface,  and  perhaps  a  little  cursory  excavation 
done,  the  specimens  secured  forming  household  ornaments. 

Later,  the  various  governmental  explorations  called  widespread 
attention  to  the  ruined  pueblos  of  the  Southwest,  and  soon  it  was  found 
that  relics  from  these  pueblos  had  commercial  value.  With  this  enter- 
ing wedge,  the  collecting  of  "  relics"  became  a  business,  and  men  trav- 
ersed the  region  for  the  sole  purpose  of  tearing  up  the  ruins  for  their 
private  gains.  Almost  every  trader  either  employed  Indians  to  dig  or 
bought  all  the  specimens  that  Indians  brought  in  at  a  nominal  price, 
and  many  were  the  men  who  had  "collections"  for  sale.  A  few  of 
these  individuals,  profiting  b}r  the  scientific  methods  of  governmental 
and  institutional  explorations,  were  careful  to  catalogue  and  localize 
the  specimens  as  far  as  possible  at  second  hand,  finding  that  such  data 
increased  the  value.  To  give  ah  idea  of  the  extent  of  this  vandalism 
and  unscientific  collection,  it  may  be  said  that  from  one  town  alone 
during  the  past  ten  years  about  20,000  specimens  have  been  shipped; 
from  other  neighboring  towns,  about  7,000  specimens.  From  the  same 
points  during  this  period  about  10,000  specimens  have  been  shipped 
by  scientific  exploring  parties.  The  speculative  collecting  was  from 
Indian  reservations,  railroad  and  Government  lands. 


358  REPORT  OF  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1901.- 

These  facts  have  been  known  for  some  time,  and  a  bill  for  the  pres- 
ervation of  ancient  ruins  has  been  before  Congress  several  terms,  but 
the  bill  has  not  been  enacted  into  law.  Indirectly,  however,  Congress 
has  worked  for  the  preservation  of  the  ruins  by  reservations  of  public 
domain,  and  in  a  notable  instance  has  preserved  the  famous  ruin  called 
Casa  Grande. 

In  this  connection  the  Interior  Department  has  done  yeoman  service 
in  hindering,  if  not  preventing,  further  despoiling  of  the  ruins  on  gov- 
ernmental lands  by  instructions  to  its  agents  and  by  sending  inspectors 
into  the  field  for  the  purpose  of  warning  offenders. 

That  there  was  a  sentiment  among  some  of  the  people  of  the  South- 
west in  favor  of  the  preservation  of  the  ruins  is  shown  by  sundry 
actions  taken  by  legislative  bodies  and  the  formation  of  societies  with 
such  end  in  view.  The  legislature  of  Arizona  took  action  some  years 
ago  without  apparent  success.  The  Arizona  Antiquarian  Society 
founded  through  the  efforts  of  the  late  Dr.  Joshua  Miller,  of  Prescott, 
endeavors  to  preserve  and  to  prevent  the  despoiling  of  sites  of  anti- 
quarian interest  in  the  Territory.  In  New  Mexico  also  the  subject  is 
receiving  considerable  attention. 

SUMMARY  OF  WORK. 

During  the  season  over  55  ruins  were  visited,  and  18  of  these  were 
excavated  in  a  region  nearly  200  miles  north  and  south  by  70  miles 
east  and  west.  Some  idea  of  the  difficulties  encountered,  aside  from 
800  miles  of  wagon  travel,  may  be  gathered  when  it  is  known  that  five 
of  the  groups  required  dry  camps,  water  being  hauled  considerable 
distances.  The  work,  however,  was  quite  successful,  2,500  specimens 
having  been  collected.  In  connection  with  this  work,  ethnological 
photographs,  data,  and  specimens  were  secured  from  the  Apache, 
Navaho,  and  Hopi  Indians. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901.— Hough. 


Plate  2. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum.   1901 .— Hougn. 


Plate  3. 


z 

O 

cc  . 

<  a 

co  3 

I-  B 

2  < 

i  3 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901.— Hough. 


Plate  4. 


z 

on 
< 

CO 

I   i 

°| 

>    a? 
ui    m 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  190!  .—Hough. 


Plate  5. 


°  -3 

QJ        X 

—      0> 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901.— Hough. 


Plate  6. 


<    6 


>    & 
uj    o 

-  fc 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901.— noug/( 


Plate  7. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. — Hough. 


Plate  8. 


Length,  5£  in.;  width,  4£  in.;  height,  3  in. 
Cat.  No.  212830. 


Diam.,  5J  in.;  height,  2±  in. 
Cat.  No.  212831. 

Bird-form  Mortuary  Vase  and  Bowl. 

Forestdale,  Arizona. 


REPORT  OF  U.S. NATIONAL  MUSEUM, 1901.  HOUGH. 


PLATE  9. 


LENGTH,  2s/8    I  N.  W  I  DTH ,  !7/8    IN.  HEIGHT,  l/4  IN.  CAT.  No.  212841 


LENGTH,   93/4    IN.  HEIGHT,  2/2  IN     CAT.   No.  212837 


PAINT  CUP  AND   DOUBLE    BOWL. 

Forestdale,  Arizona. 


REPORT  OF  U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1901.  HOUGH. 


PLATE   10 


DIAM.  5{/i  IN.  HEIGHT,  1%    IN.     CAT  No.  212834 


DIAM.  55/8    IN     HEIGHT,  5    IN.      CAT.  No.  213094 


BOWL  OF  GILA  TYPE   AND  HANDLED  VASE. 
Forestdale,  Arizona. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901  .—Hough 


Plate  1 1 


Diam.,  6$  in.;  height,  5|  in.     Cat.  No.  212837 


Diam.,  10i  in.;  height,  7$  in.    Cat.  No.  212828. 

Mortuary  Vases  of  Gray  Ware. 

Forestdale,  Arizona. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. — Hough. 


Plate  12. 


Fetiches  of  Pottery  and  Stone,  and  Scrapers. 
Forestdale,  Arizona. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. — Hough, 


Plate  13. 


Bone  Implements. 

Forestdale,  Arizona. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. — Hough. 


Plate  14. 


Stone  and  Bone  Implements. 
Interior  Sawmill,  Arizona. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. — Hough. 


Plate  15 


aJl^l';:.      ,    '  >  ^e^Qo;) 


Plan  of  Pottery  Hill  Ruin. 

Linden,  Arizona. 


Report  of  U   S.  National  Museum,  1901. — Hough. 


Plate  16. 


ft  ft 


•  ^mmi 


1    I 


Scale. 

Plan  of  Smaller  Ruin  Near  Linden. 

Arizona. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. — Hough. 


Plate  17. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,   1901. — Hough 


Plate  18. 


Diam.,  5*  in.;  height,  5i  in.    Cat.  No.  212978. 
Diam.,  6f  in.;  height,  6  in.    Cat.  No.  212977. 


Diam.,  1J  in.;  height,  2±  in.  Cat.  No.  212979. 
Diam.,  5*  in.;  height,  4|  in.  Cat.  No.  212891. 
Diam.,  5£  in.;  height,  2?  in.    Cat.  No.  212898. 


Gray  Ware. 

Linden,  Arizona. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. — Hough. 


Plate  19. 


Diam.,  9£  in.;  height,  5£  in.     Cat.  No.  212988. 


Diam.,  8f  in.;  height,  A\  in.    Cat.  No.  212929. 


Bowls  of  Gray  Ware. 

Linden,  Arizona. 


Report  of  U.    S.   National   Museum,    1901.  —  Hough. 


Plate  20. 


Diam    4~£  ins.  Height  3  ins.  Cat    No    212,895 


Diam.  8  ins.  Height  *  mi    Cat.  No.  2  I  2,900 


BOWLS  OF  RED  WARE  WITH  EXTERIOR  DECORATION. 

LINDEN,  ARIZONA. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. — Hough. 


Plate  21 


Plan  of  Huning  Ruin. 
Showlow,  Arizona. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901.— Hough. 


Plate  22. 


'-'■.-V.  t  f'^-V'/j&v'V 


Plan  of  Shumway  Ruin. 
Arizona. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. — Hough. 


Plate  23. 


5- 


°2- 


^  a 

O  33 

<  1 

-i  2 

0_  - 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901.— Hough. 


Plate  24. 


Diam.,  13  in.;  height,  5|  in.    Cat.  No.  211963. 


Diam.,  13  in.;  height,  6£  in.    Cat.  No.  212200. 


Bowls  of  Gray  Ware. 
McDonald's  Canyon,  Arizona. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. — Hough. 


Plate  25. 


Diam.,  10i  in.    height,  5J  in.    Cat.  No.  212265. 


Diain.,  1U  in.;  height,  G  in.    Cat.  No.  212261. 


Bowls  of  Gray  Ware. 

McDonald's  Canyon,  Arizona. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. — Hough. 


Plate  26. 


Length,  6  in.;  height,  5}  in.     Cat.  No.  212297 


Diam.,  6  In.;  height,  5±  in.     Cat.  No.  212282. 


Vases  of  Gray  Ware. 

McDonald's  Can  von,  Arizona. 


Report   of   U.    S.    National    Museum,    1901.  — Hough. 


Plate  27. 


RUGOSE  BOWL,  RED  WARE,  SIDE  AND  BACK. 

MCDONALDS  CANYON,  ARIZONA. 

Diam.  6,TSins.  Height  3-%  'ns.  Cat.  No.  212,301 


Report  of   U.    S.    National   Museum,    1901.— Hough. 


Plate  28. 


RUGOSE  BOWL,  SIDE  AND  BACK. 

MCDONALDS  CANYON,  ARIZONA. 
Diam.  8%  ins    Height  4  ins.  Cat.  No.  212,299 


REPORT  OF  U.S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM/1901.  HOUGH 


PLATE  29 


DIAM.  5/8   IN.   HEIGHT  45A   I N.     CAT.  No.  2I228< 


DIAM.3  5/8   IN.  HEIGHT,  3J4  IN.  CAT.  2 


12279 


CANTEEN  AND   HANDLED  VASE. 

.  'Mi. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. — Hough. 


Plate  30. 


Sketch  Map  of  Scorse  Ranch  Ruins. 

Le  Ronx  Wash,  Arizona. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. — Hough. 


Plate  31 


Cat.  Nos.  212522  and  212529. 


Cat.  Nos.  212530  and  211 


Cat.  Nos.  2125:55  and  212538. 

Handled  Vases,  Gray  Ware. 

Scorse  Ranch,  Arizona. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901.— Hough. 


Plate  32. 


Cat.  No.  212503. 


Cat.  No.  212499. 


Cat.  Nos.  212520  and  212531. 


Cat.  Nos.  212423  and  21259 1 

Bird  and  other  Forms  of  Gray  Ware. 
Scorse  Ranch,  Arizona. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. — Hough. 


Plate  33. 


Diam.,  9}  in.;  height,  5£  in.    Cat.  No.  212436. 


Diam.,  9  in.;  height,  4£  in.    Cat  No.  212141. 


Bowls  of  Gray  Ware. 
Scorse  Ranch,  Arizona. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. — Hough 


Plate  34. 


Diam.,  9£  in.;  height,  3$  in.     Cat,  No.  212430. 


Diam.,  9£  i»-;  height,  5  in.    Cat.  No.  212429. 

Bowls  of  Gray  Ware. 

Scorse  Ranch,  Arizona. 


Report  of  U.    S.   National    Museum,    1901.— Hough. 


Plate  35. 


Cat.  No.  212,550 


Cat.  No.  212553 


Cat.  No.  212,554 


BOWLS  OF  RED  WARE. 
SCORSE   RANCH,  ARIZONA. 


REPORT  OF  U.S. NATIONAL  MUSEUM, 1901.  HOUGH. 


PLATE  36 


CAT.   No. 212468 


CAT.  No.  212582 


CAT.  No.  2 1 2494 


CAT.  No.212508 


CAT.   No    212509 


VASES,  COILED  AND  RED  WARE. 

Scorse  Ranch,  Arizona. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901.— Hough 


Plate  37. 


Stone  Axes,  Mortar  and  Pestle. 
Scorse  Ranch,  Arizona. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901.— Hough. 


Plate  38. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. — Hough. 


Plate  39. 


'MB 

i 

ft 

• 

Kffi — 0   'r 

it,^"- 

r£x. 

*ci* 

'CD 

If) 

u 

D 

tt" 

O 

L. 

I 

x 

0 
CO 

u 

or 

II 

.' 

"7*0 

','iJt?!? 

&■ 

<m 

;"•■:-'-.  •% 

•  ■; 

i 

Jo-"  «- 

i 

i 

u 

J 

'J 

^ 


if 

O     jg 

Z      3 

<  n 
a   | 

d 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901.— Hough. 


Plate  40. 


A I  far.® 


^PEp  "  "'    lifer 


Plan  of  Ruin  2. 
Canyon  Butte  Wash,  Arizona. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. — Hough. 


Plate  41, 


vScal  i 


«kW  ;"•  «##*$! 


i'^';^^A^-^f'--;:-.v^V:.-^ 


Plan  of  Ruin  3. 
Canyon  Butte  Wash,  Arizona. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. — Hough. 


Plate  42. 


Diam.,  8*  in.;  height,  3*  in.    Cat.  No.  212108. 


^^iS?     j^Ei^P^^    1      WSft     "'     2?a§ 

WBfev 

9$&     w  1 

Stywi^i 

■* '? 

!•  lit    -    •                                                           '■S/'                 iJ'^ 

■>SpwP'-  ■  .   \^V  . 

^^ 

Length,  12  in.;  width,  7  in.;  height,  2  in.    Cat.  No.  212066. 


Polychrome  Bowl  and  Painted  Stone  Tablet. 
Canyon  Bntte  Wash,  Arizona. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. — Hough. 


Plate  43. 


f  •    •    Ml 

i )  1 1  ■  o 


) 


I 


I*>> 


Outfit  of  Medicine  Man. 
Canyon  Butte  Wash,  Arizona. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901.— Hough. 


Plate  44. 


•    .   • 


£fn till  Houses, 


t,  ■  '.;:'>\-.v>,;-;:S;*r^' 


>?^ 


■'■:■'.'»  :  :;ri  •;'"''  -••,-        •"'■-•■  i' '• ft         -    '  ^'4**^ 


Plan  of  Ruin  4. 
Canyon  Butte  Wash,  Arizona. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. — Hough. 


Plate  45. 


Diam.,  3|  in.:  height,  3^  in.     Cat.  No.  212042. 
Diam.,  4  in.;  height,  2£  in.     Cat.  No.  212237. 


Diam.,  5  in.:   height,  4£  in.     Cat.  No.  212080. 
Diam.,  4|  in.;  height,  3£  in.     Cat.  No.  212168. 


Coiled  Ware. 

Canyon  Butte  Wash,  Arizona. 


Report   of   U.    S.    National    Museum,    1901.  —  Hough. 


Plate  46. 


Diam.  5%  ins.  Cat.  No.  2  12,170 


Diam.  9  ins    Cat.  No.  2  12,1  16 


Diam.  8 %  ins.  Cat    No.  212,055 


BOWLS  OF  RUGOSE  AND  RED  WARE,  WHITE  EXTERIOR  DECORATION. 
CANYON  BUTTE  WASH,  ARIZONA. 


Report  of  U.    S.   National   Museum,    1901.— Hough. 


Plate  47. 


Diam.  I  1^  ins.  Cat.  No.  212,236 


Diam.   I  7\{  ins    Cat.  No.  2  I  2, 1  80 


RED  BOWLS  WITH  WHITE  EXTERIOR  DECORATION. 

CANYON   BUTTE  WASH,  ARIZONA. 


REPORT  OF  U.S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1901.  HOUGH. 


PLATE 


DIAM.  \\%   IN.  HEIGHT,  5   IN.    CAT.  No.  212074 


SIDE  AND    INTERIOR  VIEW    OF  SAME. 


RED  AND  BROWN   BOWL,  EXTERIOR   AND  INTERIOR   DECORATION. 

Canyon  buife, Arizona. 


Report  of  U.    S.   National   Museum,    1901.  — Hough. 


Plate  49. 


RED  AND  BROWN  BOWL,  EXTERIOR  DECORATION. 

CANYON   BUTTE  WASH,  ARIZONA. 


Diam.   I  I  %  ins.  Height  5  ins    Cat.  No.  2  I  2.074 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901.— Hough. 


Plate  50. 


Diam.,  8§-  in.;  height,  4  in.     Cat.  No.  212056. 


Diam.,  11}  in.;  height,  6*  in.     Cat.  No.  212075. 


Bowls  of  Gray  Ware. 

Canvon  Butte  Wash,  Arizona. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. — Hough. 


Plate  51 


Diam.,  6  in.;  height,  5  in.     Cat.  No.  212026 


Diam.,  7£  in.;  height,  7£  in.     Cat.  No.  155128. 


Diam.,  7  in.;  height,  8±  in.    Cat.  No.  6837(5. 


Vases  of  Gray  Ware. 
Northeastern  Arizona  and  New  Mexico. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,   1901. — Hough. 


Plate  52. 


Pipes  from  Ancient  Pueblos. 
Arizona. 


Report  of  U.  S,  National  Museum,  1901. — Hough. 


Plate  53. 


Stindu  '  Ridin.' 
il oping'  it) estw'a r.d- 


■   ■■    •     '    ■■•     ■-■■■   ■-■•■■■'-■-.«  ;'.^-v>.;    ••»  ^.V,  --      ." 


Plan  of  Milky  Hollow  Ruin,  Arizona. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901.— Hough. 


Plate  54. 


'-"r-Wc'stOzmeter 


A/lid^lc^  Cemetery . 


MoiiixU: 


7l    'J       ~    '^ 


Plan  of  Stone  Axe  Ruin,  Arizona. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901  .—Hough. 


Plate  55. 


Stone  Implements. 

Stone  Axe,  Arizona. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. — Hough. 


Plate  56. 


■\ 


) 


Bone,  Pottery,  Shell,  and  Stone  Objects. 
Stone  Axe  Ruin,  Arizona. 


REPORT  OF  U.S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1901.  HOUGH. 


PLATE  57 


DIAM.    15)^    IN.  HEIGHT,  10/4    IN     CAT.    No.212753 


LARGE  VASE,  POLYCHROME   WARE. 

Stone  ^xe,  Arizona. 


REPORT  OF  U.S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1901    HOUGH 


PLATE  58 


DIAM.    6/4    IN.    HEIGHT   23/4  IN.    CAT.    NO.  212737 


DIAM.    6/4   IN.  HEIGHT,  4  'A      IN.    CAT.   No.  212740 


BOWL  AND  VASE 
Stone  Axe ,  Arizona. 


REPORT  OF  U.S. NATIONAL  MUSEUM, 1901    HOUGH. 


PLATE  59 


DIAM.   Sfc   IN.  HEI6HT,3^  IN.  CAT.  No.212734 


BOWLS,  YELLOW   WARE. 

Stone  Axe,  Arizona. 


REPORT  OF  U.S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  190).  HOUGH. 


PLATE  60 


DIAM.    8)4   IN.  HEIGHT,  3^4  IN.   CAT.  No.  212718 


DIAM.  8#    IN.  HEIGHT,  33A    IN.    CAT  No.  212746 


BOWLS  SHOWING   SYMBOLISM. 

Stone  Axe  Ruin,  Arizona. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. — Hough. 


Plate  61, 


Diana.,  8  in.;  height,  3£  in.     Cat.  No.  212742. 


Diam.,  9  In.;  height,  3f  in.    Cat.  No.  212741. 


Bowls,  White  and  Gila  Ware. 
Stone  Axe  Ruin,  Arizona. 


>ORT  OF  U.S   NATIONAL  MUSEUM, 1901    HOUGH. 


PLATE  62 


DIAM.  9/4  IN.  HEIGHT,  3'A   IN.   CAT.  No.  212743 


BOWLS,  YELLOW -BROWN    AND   RED,  WITH  WHITE   LINES. 

Stone  Axe  Ruin,  Arizona. 


Report  of  U.    S.   National    Museum,    1901.  —  Hough. 


Plate  63. 


Diam,  1XA  ins.  Cat.  No.  212,793 


Diam.  8  int.  Cat.  No.  21  2,744 


BOWLS,  RED  WARE 

STONE  AXE   RUIN,  ARIZONA. 


EPORTOF  U.S. NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1901.  HOUGH. 


PLATE  64 


DIAM.   4/8    IN.  HEIGHT,  3    IN.     CAT.  No.  212*741 


DIAM.  I^/b    IN     HEIGHT    6    IN.      CAT.  No.  212790 


VASES    WITH   ANIMAL   HANDLES. 

Stone  Axe  Ruin.  Arizona. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. — Hough. 


Plate  65, 


Leuel  Plain. 


%:-:- 


Sketch  Map  of  Biddahoochee  Group  of  Ruins,  Arizona. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. — Hough. 


Plate  66. 


L/evelMesa. 


Plan  of  Ruin  on  Bluff. 

Biddahooehee,  Arizona. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. — Hough. 


Plate  67. 


1,  Black  Butte  ;  2,  Ruin  in  Front  of  Butte. 
Biddahoochee,  Arizona. 


REPORT  OF  U.S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1901.  HOUGH. 


PLATE  68 


D1AM.  6  IN.  HEIGHT,   I3/*    IN.     CAT.    No.    212322 


DIAM.8)fe    IN.   HEIGHT,3ya  IN.      CAT.  No.  212326 


BOWLS,  YELLOW   WARE. 

Bkidahoochee,  Arizona. 


REPORTOF  U.S. NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1901.  HOUGH. 


PLATE  69 


DIAM.    8%    IN.    HEIGHT.3  IN.    CAT.  No.21232 


BOWLS,  YELLOW    WARE. 

Biddahoochee,  Arizona. 


REPORT  OF  U.  S.  NATIONAL  MUSE.UM,  1901.  HOUGH. 


PLATE  70. 


CAT.  No.  212381 


CAT.   No.   212382 


CAT.   No.  212354 


CAT.  No    212333 


DIPPERS.  CUR  AND    HANDLED    BOWL. 

Biddahoochee,  Arizona. 


REPORT  OF  U.S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1901.  HOUGH. 


PLATE  71 


DIAM.45/a  IN.  HEIGHT,  3%  IN.    CAT.  No.  212368 


DIAM.5;4    IN.   HEIGHT,  4%   IN.    CAT.    No2l2367 


VASES    WITH    BIRD   DECORATION. 

Biddahoochee,  Arizona. 


REPORT  OF  U.S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1901.  HOUGH. 


PLATE  72. 


DIAM.    B'A    IN.  HEIGHT,  4  5/s    IN.     CAT.    No.  212363 


DIAM.    6/4    IN.    HEIGHT,  4^4   IN.    CAT.    No.  212366 


VASES  OF    YELLOW-BROWN,  AND    LEMON-YELLOW. 

Biddahoochee,  Arizona. 


REPORT  OF  U.S. NATIONAL  MUSEUM.,  1901.  HOUGH. 


PLATE  73 


DIAM.   ll/2    IN.  HEIGHTS^     IN.    CAT    No.  212334 


VASE  OF    ORANGE    COLOR. 
Biddahoochee,  Arizona. 


REPORT  OF  U.S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1901.  HOUGH. 


PLATE  74 


DIAM.   10/4  IN.  HEIGHT,  4  IN.    CAT.  No.  212330 


BOWL,  RED   WARE,  GREEN   DECORATION. 

Biddahoochee,  Arizona. 


REPORT  OF  U.S. NATIONAL  MUSEUM, 1901.  HOUGH. 


PLATE  75. 


DIAM.  7/4    IN     HEIGHT,  33/e    IN.    CAT.    No.  2  12345 


DIAM.  734    in    HEIGHT,  3/4    IN.    CAT.  No.    212347 


BOWLS  OF    POLYCHROME   WARE. 

Biddahoochee,  Arizona. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. — Hough. 


Plate  76. 


Diam.,  8$  in.;  height,  4  in.    Cat.  No.  212329. 


Diam.,  8^  in.;  height,  4  in.    Cat.  No.  212328. 


Bowls  of  White  Ware. 
Biddahoochee,  Arizona. 


REPORT  OF  U.S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1901.  HOUGH. 


PLATE  77 


DIAM.    45/8   IN.  H  EIGHT,  3%    IN.    CAT.   NO.     212369 


DIAM.    S'/a    IN. HEIGHT,    5     IN.     CAT.    No.     212394 


VASES  OF  WHITE   WARE. 
Biddahoochee,  Arizona. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. — Hough. 


Plate  78. 


Diam.,  6£  in.;  height,  2£  in.     Cat.  No.  212390. 


Diam.,  6*  in.;  height,  6}  in.    Cat.  No.  212371. 


Dipper  and  Vase,  Gray  Ware. 
Biddahoochee,  Arizona. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. — Hough. 


Plate  79. 


Cat.  Nos.  212392  and  212351. 


Cat.  Nos.  212348  and  212357. 


Cat.  Nos.  212355  and  212372. 


Small  Vessels,  Gray  Ware. 

Biddahoochee,  Arizona. 


s 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901.— Hough. 


Plate  80. 


Cat.  No.  212375  (front  view). 


Cat.  No.  212375  (bottom). 


Cat.  No.  212373. 


Coiled  Ware. 
Biddahooehee,  Arizona. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901.— Hough. 


Plate  81 


Stone  Implements. 
Biddahoochee,  Arizona. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901.— Hough. 


Plate  82. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. — Hough. 


Plate  83. 


O 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901.— Hough. 


Plate  84. 


o    "- 


■ 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901.— Hough. 


Plate  85. 


Report  of  U    S.  National  Museum,  1901. — Hough. 


Plate  86. 


Hair  Tied  with  Hair  Cord. 

Kokopnyama,  Jettyto  Valley,  Arizona. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. — Hough. 


Plate  87. 


Coiled  Basketry. 
Kokopnyama,  Jettyto  Valley,  Arizona. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901.— Hough. 


Plate  88. 


REPORT  OF  U.S. NATIONAL  MUSEUM, 1901.  HOUGH. 


PLATE  89 


Report  of  U,  S.  National  Museum,  1901. — Hough. 


Plate  90. 


-'il' 

1  • 

' 

.  •  '   "* '. ? 

' 

-■'      *    ■ 

i'^/i  *'*4  f&! 

1 

■•i 

* 

u 

w; 

'^M* 

1  ■                                   r                               * 

£  1 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901.— Hough. 


Plate  91. 


5      . 


CO 

3  3 

0  >. 

1  s 


<      o 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,   1901.— Hough. 


Plate  92. 


2     5 

2.  3 

o    J2 


<     g 


REPORT  OF  U.S. NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1901.  HOUGH. 


PLATE  93. 


DIAM.  4    IN.    CAT.   No.213167 


SMALL   POTTERY    VESSELS. 

Kawaiokuh,  Arizona. 


REPORT  OF  U.S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1901.  HOUGH. 


PLATE   94 


O 
O 

(J) 

<     o 

O    .2 

c 

a  5 

tr    s 

£1 

to 
O     <s 

cr   * 

q: 

< 

u. 
o 

UJ 

< 

> 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901 . — Hough. 


Plate  95. 


Warn.,  7f  in.;  height,  6J  in.     Cat.  No.  213084. 


Diain..  <sg  in.;  height,  (>£  in.    Cat.  No.  213184. 


Vases  of  Gray  Ware. 
Kawaiokuh,  Arizona. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901.— Hough. 


Plate  96. 


• 


ft  ft  +  ) 


Small  Ornaments  and  Figurines. 
Kawaiokuh,  Jettyto  Valley,  Arizona. 


Report  of  U.  S.  National  Museum,  1901. — Hough. 


Plate  97. 


"*V'V. 


Basketry  and  Matting. 
Kawaiokuh,  Jcttyto  Valley.  Arizona. 


Report  of   U.    S.   National    Museum,    I  90  I  .—Hough 


Diam.   I  0}i  ins.  Cat.  No    213,1  13 


POTTERY  SHOWING  APPLICATION  OF  COLOR. 

KAWAIOKUH,  ARIZONA. 


REPORT  OF  U.S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1901.  HOUGH. 


PLATE  99. 


DIAM.  9/4  IN.  HEIGHT,3>4  IN.  CAT   No.  212937 

BOWLS    SHOWING  SYMBOLISM  AND  COLOR. 

Kawaiokuh  and  Kokopnyama,  Arizona. 


REPORT  OF   U.S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1901.  HOUGH. 


PLATE  100. 


DIAM.  6   IN.  HEIGHT,  2  5/e   IN.  CAT.  No.  2131 3£ 


DIAM.9  IN    HEIGHT.  3^  IN.    CAT.  No.213086 


POTTERY  SHOWING  COLOR  AND   SYMBOLISM. 

Kawaiokuh,  Arizona. 


REPORT  OF  U.S.  NATIONAL  MUSEUM,  1901.  HOUGH. 


PLATE  iOI 


DIAM.   9'A  IN.  HEIGHT,  3^  IN.    CAT.  No.213106 


FOOD    BOWLS    SHOWING   BIRD   SYMBOLISM. 

Kawaiokuh,  Arizona. 


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